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1

Presumptions and Legal Fictions in the General Administrative Procedure. Selected Issues

100%

Podleśny M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2019

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vol. 28

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issue 4

EN

The subject of the article was to discuss the institutions of presumptions and legal fictions applicable in the general administrative procedure. Due to the complexity of the problem, the author has attempted to only analyse selected issues relating to the subject matter hereof. The study identifies situations in which the discussed institutions are established, describes their substance, function and the objective for which they were introduced. The impact presumptions and legal fictions on the validity of objective truth in the course of administrative proceedings have been demonstrated and the values underlying their introduction to the Code of Administrative Procedure have been discussed.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu było omówienie instytucji domniemań oraz fikcji prawnych występujących w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym. Z uwagi na złożoność problemu autor podjął próbę analizy tylko wybranych zagadnień odnoszących się do tematu opracowania. Wskazano sytuacje, w jakich ustanawiane są omawiane instytucje, opisano ich istotę, funkcję, a także cel, dla którego zostały wprowadzone. Wykazano, jaki wpływ na obowiązywanie prawdy obiektywnej w toku postępowania administracyjnego mają domniemania oraz fikcje prawne. Ponadto omówiono wartości leżące u podstaw ich wprowadzenia do Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego.

2

The Right to Choose a Legal Source of an Employment Relationship

84%

Świątkowski A. M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2015

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vol. 24

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issue 3

EN

This paper is concerned with Polish labour law governing the formation of the individual employment relationship. After the changes made by national legislative authority (Sejm) in 1999 and 2002 the right to choose a legal source (employment or civil contract) provisions of regulation – civil law mentioned by the author in article as well as in Polish language summary – was more limited in relation to the contents of the employment relationship. Since 2002 the existence of the legal relationship of employment is based not on the presupposition of the both parties but more on acceptance their choice of civil law type of contract by the judicial (labour court) and administrative authority (labour inspection).

PL

Przemiany w prawie pracy, które miały miejsce w latach 1996 i 2002, sprawiły, iż obowiązujące w polskim systemie prawa pracy i prawa cywilnego zasady wolności umów i prawa stron stosunków prawnych, w ramach których świadczona jest praca, sformułowane w art. 55 k.z., art. 3531 k.c. w związku z art. 300 k.p. oraz art. 10 § 1 k.p., zostały w stosunkach pracy poważnie ograniczone. Zainteresowane strony stosunku prawnego mają prawo wyboru podstawy prawnej zatrudnienia pod warunkiem, że będzie to podstawa, która zostanie zaakceptowana – jako zgodna z obowiązującym prawem pracy – przez organy sprawujące merytoryczny nadzór nad przestrzeganiem przepisów prawa pracy przez przedsiębiorców (sądy pracy oraz Państwową Inspekcję Pracy).

3

Fikcje prawne w nowożytnym common law na tle sporów kompetencyjnych z udziałem sądów westminsterskich

84%

Halberda J.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. XCI (91)/1

7-22

EN

Starting with the Middle Ages, the system of writs (forms of actions) began to dominate the English law. Like Roman actiones which may be regarded as equivalents of writs, thus also the latter allowed to determine the circumstances in which an individual was guaranteed to protection of law. The list of writs was exhaustive while the law was considered to be something that was not subjected to changes. Therefore the legal fictions were found to be the only mechanism that made it possible to adapt the common law to the evolving socio-economic circumstances. Thanks to these fictions the parties involved in the litigation could reach the objectives that they desired and that otherwise (without resorting to the fiction) might be unattainable by them. The exploitation of the fiction consisted in the invoking by the trial participant the circumstances that notoriously were not true, the adversary party being simultaneously prevented from proving the opposite. In the course of time the fictions became a characteristic feature of the common law. It was thanks to their application that in the 15th through 17th centuries the scope of the Westminster courts’ jurisdictional competence became enlarged. The fictions enabled these courts to settle matters that originally were beyond the scope of their jurisdiction. The application of fictions resulted also in the broadening of the scope within which the particular writs could be resorted to. This consequently led to the extention of legal protection to the situations with respect to which the earlier common law proved helpless for the lack of any legal remedy.

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Presumptions and Legal Fictions in the General Administrative Procedure. Selected Issues

The Right to Choose a Legal Source of an Employment Relationship

Fikcje prawne w nowożytnym common law na tle sporów kompetencyjnych z udziałem sądów westminsterskich