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EN
The article presents an outline of comparison between two medieval conceptions of teleological directedness of nature, the authors of which are Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham. The author claims that Ockham’s philosophy can – at least to some degree – be seen as a step towards those of modern theories which reject any influence of final causality upon non-rational entities. In this respect it differs substantially from Aquinas’s conception, which can legitimately be called a “cosmic teleology”, covering the Universe as a whole and all its parts.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę zarysowania kilku istotnych wątków dwóch istotnych średnio­wiecz­nych koncepcji celowości. Twórcami owych koncepcji są Jan Duns Szkot i Walter Chatton. Autor skupia się na trzech zagadnieniach: (1) argumentach na rzecz przyjęcia teleologii natural­nej, (2) statusie ontologicznym celu, (3) statusie Boga jako przyczyny celowej. Dokonywane analizy mają pokazać, iż wiele poglądów wygłaszanych przez Dunsa Szkota i Chattona stanowiło podważenie wcześ­niejszej scholastycznej wizji całościowej teleologii, która swą najbardziej doj­rzała postać otrzymała w myśli Tomasza z Akwinu, przygotowując nadejście nowożytnej krytyki celowości.
EN
This article seeks to outline several important themes of two medieval conceptions of final causality, whose authors are John Duns Scotus and Walter Chatton. The author focuses on three issues: (1) the arguments for natural teleology, (2) the ontological status of the end, (3) the status of God as a final cause. The aim of the analyses presented here is to show that many opinions presented by Duns Scotus and Chatton were undermining the previous scholastic vision of holistic teleology, which reached its most mature form in the thought of Thomas Aquinas — and in that way they have paved the way towards the modern critique of teleology.
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