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Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
|
2020
|
vol. 4
|
issue 28
185-190
EN
The purpose of the article is to examine the impact of leverage on the market valuation of companies. The article verifies two hypotheses: 1. the degree of leverage is an important factor that impacts the market valuation of companies; 2. for companies with a high level of leverage, the impact of this leverage on their valuation is negative, and for companies with a low level of leverage, the impact is positive.The methodology of the study includes a critical literature review and empirical research based on correlation and regression analysis, including univariate and multivariate regression. The analysis covered quarterly data of ten energy companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. An important component of the research was classifying those companies into several groups, depending on their level of debt ratio in relation to the industry median debt ratio.The results of the research: The literature review did not provide an unequivocal conclusion to the problem. The empirical analysis did not give grounds to reject the first hypothesis; however, the second one was rejected. The research showed positive correlation and regression coefficients between the debt ratio and the price to book value ratio for highly leveraged companies and negative ones for companies with a low level of debt. The results are surprisingly contrary to the expectations based on theoretical premises.
EN
The ability to create a company’s own capital structure with a simultaneous lack of universal solutions makes this issue a favorable subject of considerations. The aim of this article is to summarize selected surveys on the role of debt and financial leverage in corporate financing observed in the case of Polish companies. Based on the conclusions of the presented surveys, certain regularities were noticed. In most of the companies, equity was the main source of financing, whereas debt was used only in the case where internal sources of financing appeared to be insufficient. As a consequence of such an approach, the level of debt was relatively low and it may be concluded that companies benefited carefully from financial leverage. The external financing was limited to its most basic sources (i.e. bank loans and leasing). The conditions necessary to achieve the positive effect of financial leverage were most frequently met in large companies, which used external financing to a greater extent and had easier access to debt. The surveys confirmed that in principle a debt increase was not a consequence of detailed analysis of capital structure, but rather a result of current production needs or weak financial performance. It seems that tax shields (in a form of interest cost), increase of return on equity as a result of positive effects of financial leverage, target debt ratio as well as costs of financial distress generally did not significantly affect the decisions on sources of financing. On the contrary, risk of insolvency associated with financial leverage, credit rating, the availability of debt and its cost had a significant impact on the capital structure (with a major share of equity)
EN
The purpose of the article is to examine the impact of leverage on the market valuation of companies. The article verifies two hypotheses: 1. the degree of leverage is an important factor that impacts the market valuation of companies; 2. for companies with a high level of leverage, the impact of this leverage on their valuation is negative, and for companies with a low level of leverage, the impact is positive. The methodology of the study includes a critical literature review and empirical research based on correlation and regression analysis, including univariate and multivariate regression. The analysis covered quarterly data of ten energy companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. An important component of the research was classifying those companies into several groups, depending on their level of debt ratio in relation to the industry median debt ratio. The results of the research: The literature review did not provide an unequivocal conclusion to the problem. The empirical analysis did not give grounds to reject the first hypothesis; however, the second one was rejected. The research showed positive correlation and regression coefficients between the debt ratio and the price to book value ratio for highly leveraged companies and negative ones for companies with a low level of debt. The results are surprisingly contrary to the expectations based on theoretical premises.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie głównych determinant preferencji prywatnych i publicznych przedsiębiorstw niefinansowych w Polsce w zakresie finansowania długiem. Badanie na dużej próbie przedsiębiorstw za lata 1995–2012 przeprowadzono za pomocą modelu ekonometrycznego. Wśród czynników determinujących strukturę kapitałową zbadano wpływ rentowności, płynności, majątku trwałego, możliwości wzrostu, tarczy podatkowej oraz polityki monetarnej. Wyniki badania potwierdziły, że bardziej rentowne i zdolne do samofinansowania duże przedsiębiorstwa w mniejszym stopniu finansują się kredytem niż małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa. Niezależnie od wielkości przedsiębiorstwa wraz ze wzrostem płynności maleje dźwignia, co świadczy o skłonności przedsiębiorstw do samofinansowania. Wykazano też bardzo niski wpływ polityki monetarnej, zarówno za pośrednictwem stopy procentowej, jak i kursu walutowego, na decyzje przedsiębiorstw co do sposobu finansowania. Uzyskane wyniki mają pewne znaczenie praktyczne i mogą pomóc bankom dostosować ofertę kredytową do potrzeb małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. Wyniki analiz potwierdzają, że dostęp do dotacji z UE zmniejszył zapotrzebowanie małych przedsiębiorstw na kredyt, a kryzys finansowy lat 2009–2010 ograniczył finansowanie kapitałem obcym.
EN
The aim of the article is to identify main determinants of the preferences of private and public enterprises in Poland as regard debt financing. The investigation was made with help of an econometric model on a large enterprises sample for the period 1995–2012. Among the factors that determine capital structure, the authors tested the impact of profitability, cash flow, fixed capital, growth potential, tax shield, and monetary policy. The results of the examination confirm that more profitable large firms, able to self-finance their activity, are less dependent on credits as compared with small and medium-size firms. Independently of the firm size, increase in the cash-flow lowers the leverage, which proves enterprise propensity to self-financing. The impact of monetary policy on enterprise decisions about the financing manner was very low, both as regards the influence of interest rates and the impact of exchange rates. The results of this research have some practical significance: these may help the banks better to adjust their credit offer to the needs of small and medium-size enterprises. The results of the analysis also confirm that firms access to EU funding has lowered their demand for credits, and the financial crisis of 2009–2010 has reduced the scale of outside financing.
RU
В статье указываются главные детерминанты, учитываемые при принятии решения о кредитном финансировании частными и публичными нефинансовыми предприяти- ями в Польше. Исследование было проведено с помощью эконометрической модели на большой выборке предприятий и охватывало период 1995–2012 гг. Среди факторов, детерминирующих структуру капитала, особое внимание было уделено влиянию рента- бельности, ликвидности, основных фондов, перспектив роста, налогового щита и мо- нетарной политики. Результаты исследования подтвердили, что более рентабельные и способные к самофинансированию крупные предприятия в меньшей степени прибе- гают к кредитному финансированию, чем малые и средние предприятия. Независимо от объемов предприятия, вместе с ростом ликвидности уменьшается рычаг, что свидетель- ствует о склонности предприятий к самофинансированию. Доказано также очень низкое влияние монетарной политики посредством как процентной ставки, так и валютного курса, на решения предприятий относительно способов финансирования. Полученные результаты имеют некоторое практическое значение и могут помочь банкам создать кре- дитное предложение, отвечающее нуждам малых и средних предприятий. Результаты анализа подтверждают, что доступ к дотациям из ЕС сократил спрос малых предприятий на кредит, а финансовый кризис 2009–2010 гг. ограничил финансирование с помощью иностранного капитала.
EN
Research background: Capital structure decisions are very important for any kind of business, but they have a special meaning for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), because their strategic miscalculations can lead to a crisis or even bankruptcy much faster due to the limited scope of their activities. Purpose of the article: The research investigates the basic theories of capital structure and their applicability to SMEs considering the specificities of their functioning. The study aims to identify the determinants of SMEs own and borrowed funds ratio and the main driving forces of their financial decisions. The paper identifies the reasons why SMEs have difficulties in attracting borrowed funds and problems with collateral provision. The paper also presents the dynamics of the capital structure and the composition of the borrowed funds in Russian SMEs. Methods: The research is based on the panel data of Russian manufacturing SMEs in the period of years 2010?2018. The panel data is unbalanced to avoid a survival bias. The financial ratios selected as variables was calculated using consolidated financial statements published by Russian Federal State Statistics Service. The statistical relations between the indicators were performed by a fixed effects regression with a dummy. Findings & Value added: The results of the research identified that current liquidity and asset structure have the statistically significant negative impact on the financial leverage in Russian manufacturing SMEs. The determinants of capital structure in Russian SMEs have not been investigated before, so the presented empirical findings are novel and can be used as a base for further research and analysis.
EN
The paper aims to analyse the development of the financial leverage and its determinants in companies producing electricity from wind resources in Latvia during 2005-2012. The financial ratio technique is used to compute the financial leverage in the companies and the regression analysis method is employed to determine the relationships between variables. The results of the analysis revealed that wind electricity generating companies use substantial share of debt and the financial leverage is increasing. Statistically significant relationships were found between the financial leverage and profitability of companies, their growth opportunities, collateral value of assets, size of the company and an effective tax rate. Results will be used to construct weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the economic assessment of investment into wind electricity sector in Latvia.
PL
Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie oraz analiza zależności pomiędzy rentownością operacyjną a miarami ryzyka operacyjnego i finansowego (dźwignia operacyjna i dźwignia finansowa) w największych przedsiębiorstwach zajmujących się wydobyciem surowców skalnych w Polsce. Zależność ta ma istotny wpływ na zarządzanie ryzykiem i alokacją aktywów w przedsiębiorstwie. Dynamiczną metodę szacowania DOL i DFL zastosowano do danych z lat 2006-2010. W badaniu wykorzystano dane z Monitorów Polskich B.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to analyze relationship between operating margin and measures of operating and financial risk (operating leverage and financial leverage) for the largest companies engaged quarrying of stone in Poland. This relationship has important implications for risk management and asset allocation within the firm. The method of estimating DOL and DFL is applied to data from 2006 to 2010. The study uses data from the Official Journal of the Republic of Poland “Monitor Polski B.”
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono wpływ deflacji długu, akceleratora finansowego i nowego akceleratora finansowego na przebieg wahań koniunkturalnych. Wskazano, że czynniki te pogłębiają fluktuacje koniunkturalne generowane przez szoki egzogeniczne o różnym podłożu. W analizie akceleratora finansowego wersja kanoniczna została uzupełniona o późniejsze ustalenia, uwzględniające między innymi niejednorodność podmiotów gospodarujących. Jeżeli akcelerator finansowy odnosił się do relacji między bankami i kredytobiorcami to nowy akcelerator finansowy bada przyczyny cykliczności polityki kredytowej banków, związanej przede wszystkim ze zmienną koniunkturalnie skłonnością banków do ponoszenia ryzyka.
EN
The research paper presents the impact of financial accelerator and new financial accelerator, interconnected by debt deflation, on fluctuations in business cycle. It has been indicated in the paper that these factors deepen business cycle fluctuations generated by egzogenic shocks of varied background. In the analysis of the financial accelerator the canon version has been made complete with further findings concerning, i.e. each of homogeneity of entities. Given the financial accelerator concerned relations between banks and debtor, the new financial accelerator examines the problem area of reasons for cyclical character of bank credit policy, connected mainly with business cycle driven tendency of banks to bearing the risk.
EN
For efficient recovery of an enterprise in crisis good regulations and financial leverage are necessary. Enterprises and banks in Poland received new efficient law and financial instruments for restructuration in the Restructuring Law. In the future, the priority will be the recovery of enterprises. Banks and saving and loan associations and guarantee funds may play an important role in the recovery processes for enterprises in crisis. The article presents the functions and instruments of banks, including the application of mezzanine capital. Without the provision of “survival capital” by banks or associations, in many situations the restructuring will not be possible. The way in which enterprises see the contemporary support of the banks for restructuration processes is presented in the study conducted under the leadership of the author. In the last years, though, barriers to restructuration existed, e.g. in banks they include risk regulations, capital adequacy and banking tax.
PL
Skuteczna naprawa przedsiębiorstwa w sytuacji kryzysu wymaga dobrych regulacji prawnych oraz dźwigni finansowej. Przedsiębiorstwa i banki w Polsce otrzymały nowe, skuteczniejsze instrumenty prawne i finansowe w zakresie restrukturyzacji w ustawie Prawo restrukturyzacyjne. W przyszłości priorytetem będzie naprawa przedsiębiorstwa. Dużą rolę w procesach naprawczych mogą spełnić banki i kasy oraz fundusze gwarancyjne wobec przedsiębiorstw w kryzysie. Funkcje i instrumenty banków, w tym zastosowanie kapitału mezzanine zaprezentowano w artykule. Bez dostarczonego przez banki lub kasy „kapitału przetrwania”, restrukturyzacja w wielu przypadkach nie będzie możliwa. Jak przedsiębiorstwa oceniają dotychczasowe wsparcie banków dla procesów restrukturyzacji pokazuje badanie zrealizowane pod kierunkiem autora. W ostatnich latach istniały jednakże bariery restrukturyzacji, np. w bankach dotyczą one regulacji ryzyka, adekwatności kapitałowej oraz podatku bankowego.
10
51%
PL
W artykule poruszono problem transakcji walutowych na globalnym rynku Forex. Wskazano na możliwość zastosowania dostępnych tam instrumentów do zabezpieczania rzeczywistych płatności walutowych. Głównym jednak przedmiotem zainteresowania jest optymalizacja zleceń. Wykazano asymetrię sygnałów rynkowych. Podano reguły postępowania przy zleceniach krótkoterminowych (1440 minut). Reguły te dadzą się uogólnić na pozycje otwarte długoteminowo.
EN
The paper considers the problem of currency transactions on the global Forex market. It points at the opportunity to apply approachable financial instruments to secure real currency payments. The main objective of the paper is, however, the optimal manner of giving orders. The asymmetry of the market signals is shown and the rules of conduct concerning short terms orders 1440 minutes) are given. These rules can be extended on the long term open positions.
EN
The capital structure concerns the mutual relations between equity and foreign capi­tal. Many discussions and polemics on this subject confirm that these relations have a significant impact on the functioning of an individual, its development and the results obtained. In turn, the very category of cap­ital is interpreted differently, although the common definitions have some common fea­tures. Meanwhile, it seems that the essence here is to bring income to its owners, regard­less of the form in which it occurs. Most of­ten it concerns cash. The capital structure is closely related to the financial leverage. Too often, however, this category is wrongly as­signed an almost magical role, unless magic is equated with an illusion.
PL
Struktura kapitału dotyczy wzajemnych rela­cji pomiędzy kapitałami własnymi i obcymi. Wiele dyskusji i polemik na ten temat po­twierdzają, że relacje te mają istotny wpływ na funkcjonowanie jednostki, jej rozwój i uzyskiwane efekty. Różnie z kolei interpre­towana jest sama kategoria kapitału, chociaż spotykane definicje mają pewne wspólne ce­chy. Tymczasem wydaje się, że istotą jest tu przynoszenie dochodu jego właścicielom, bez względu na formę, w jakiej występuje. Najczęściej dotyczy to środków pieniężnych. Struktura kapitału wiąże się ściśle z dźwignią finansową. Zbyt często jednak niesłusznie przypisuje się tej kategorii rolę wręcz ma­giczną, chyba że magia będzie utożsamiana z iluzją.
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