Search results

1

APPLICATION OF GENERALIZED DISTANCE MEASURE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SYNTHETIC INDEX OF SUBJECTIVE SENSE OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF FARMERS’ HOUSEHOLDS

100%

Wołoszyn A., Głowicka-Wołoszyn R., Kozera A.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

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2017

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vol. 18

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issue 3

501-509

EN

The article aimed to construct a synthetic evaluation of the subjective sense of financial security among the Polish farmers’ households in 2015. The research drew on microdata from Household Budget Survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office in 2015. Due to the ordinal character of simple features the construction employed Generalized Distance Measure (GDM) with TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. Calculations were performed by clusterSim package of the R program.

2

SECURITY OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES ON THE BASIS OF POLISH LAW

100%

RUSAK-ROMANOWSKA P.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2017

|

vol. 27(27)

175-189

EN

The present article aims to show how Polish legislation provides security for children with disabilities so that they can develop, meet their needs and participate as much as possible in society as well as others. There will be presented issues concerning legal means and guaranteed benefits to protect children with disabilities, as well as considering whether the current legal status in Poland ensures the safety of these children is sufficient and creates the right conditions for them to realize their rights and freedoms.

3

(Nie)zależność finansowa państwa we współczesnej gospodarce rynkowej

89%

Misztal P.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

|

2019

|

vol. 81

|

issue 2

159-175

EN

State financial independence refers to the ability of the government to finance all state expenditure solely from the budgetary revenue attained. Thus, the full financial autonomy of the state means that the government finances the budgetary expenditures without having to borrow money. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine the possibility for states to achieve full financial autonomy in the contemporary world economy. The results of the studies show that almost all countries now have a large or small public debt, which means that countries finance their development by borrowing money at home and abroad. The important issue seems to be not so much to maintain the full financial independence of the State as to guarantee the financial security of the state (that is, to maintain the ability of the state to raise money when necessary).

PL

Niezależność finansowa państwa odnosi się do możliwości finansowania przez rząd wszystkich wydatków państwowych wyłącznie z osiąganych dochodów budżetowych. Zatem pełna autonomia finansowa państwa oznacza, że rząd finansuje wydatki budżetowe bez konieczności pożyczania środków przez zaciąganie kredytów bankowych czy emisję instrumentów dłużnych. Dlatego też celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie możliwości osiągnięcia przez państwo pełnej autonomii finansowej we współczesnej gospodarce światowej. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że obecnie prawie we wszystkich krajach występuje większy lub mniejszy dług publiczny, co oznacza, że państwa finansują swój rozwój, pożyczając środki w kraju i za granicą. Istotną kwestią wydaje się nie tyle utrzymanie pełnej niezależności finansowej państwa, ile zagwarantowanie bezpieczeństwa finansowego państwa, czyli utrzymanie zdolności do pozyskania przez państwo środków pieniężnych w sytuacji, gdy zachodzi taka potrzeba.

4

Financial Security of the Public Sector Versus the Indebtedness of Local Self-Government

88%

Nogalski B., Kozłowski A., Czaplicka-Kozłowska I. Z.

Internal Security

|

2018

|

vol. 10(1)

227-242

EN

The 19th and 20th century in the history of Poland was primarily a time of foreign domination by neighbouring countries, mainly Russia and Germany. Except for the inter-war period of 1918–1939 when there was an attempt to rebuild an independent country, Polish culture in its social and economic dimension underwent a vicious destruction for almost 2 centuries. For that reason, political changes initiated in Poland in 1989 resulted in the emergence of new hope for the revival of its sovereignty and its restoration as a sovereign and democratic country. After years of enslavement the regenerated Poland was economically weak in almost all its dimensions. Due to decisions made in the 1990s and the first years of the 21st century there was a hope for a clear acceleration of social and economic growth. The activities required the necessity of implementation of economic and rational procedures in financial management as well as the allocation of huge financial resources mainly for investment in the area of public utilities, and also for the implementation of modern technologies and methods in nearly all areas of economic and social life. The article is dedicated to the problem of the financial security of the country in relation to the burdens of debt of local authorities, particularly those at the lowest level of the governance structure of the country. Assuming that local authorities in the Polish legal system are public-legal unions equipped with a legal identity that act in their own name and at their own responsibility, it is the members of organisations who are directly responsible for an excessive indebtedness which can affect not only the financial security of the whole public-legal union which is a local self-government, but also the financial security of citizens.

5

Comparison of External Exposure of Central and Eastern-European States as a Factor Threatening Financial Security of Their Economies

88%

Redo M.

Historia i Polityka

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2018

|

issue 24 (31)

135-159

EN

Central and Eastern-European countries are strongly linked to the international economic and financial systems, which results in their dependence on foreign capital and on the upturn in the global markets. This situation also makes them vulnerable to external shocks. Resilience of the economies of CEE countries was additionally diminished by their relatively quick and uncompromising opening up to the process of globalization and European integration. All the economies subject to scrutiny have quite a substantial external debt level (reaching 55–139% of GDP), their net international investment position is quite strongly in the negative (constituting 25–71% of GDP). They are also characterized by high level of foreign liabilities (85–350% of GDP), a significant degree of trade openness (export and import of goods and services amounting to 41–94% of GDP), considerable rate of foreign liquid portfolio investments (even as much as 32% of GDP). Another common feature is the strong financial support received from the EU budget, with CEE countries being its net beneficiaries (with the accumulated value of funds received from the EU budget in 2004–2015 at the level of 21–42% of GDP). It should be borne in mind that Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovenia and Slovakia are members of the Eurozone, i.e. operate an international currency, which improves their creditworthiness and augments the trust of the global markets. What seems not without significance for investors is the fact that the IMF classified these five CEE countries – as well as the Czech Republic – as advanced economies. In light of the above, it should be stated that the Polish economy is characterized by a relatively strong external exposure relative to the creditworthiness the country boasts. This exposure increases Poland’s vulnerability to shocks and makes it less immune thereto. These circumstances partially explain the higher estimation of the risk premium for investments in Poland, which reduces the state’s opportunities and prospects of development in comparison with other CEE economies. It should be stressed that when assessing the external exposure one must take into account not only its particular characteristics, but also the economic and political stability of a given country – or, more specifically and importantly, their assessment by financial markets.

6

Cyberattacks and the bank’s liability for unauthorized payment transactions in the online banking system – theory and practice

88%

Milik P., Pilarski G.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

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vol. 9

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issue 1

108-126

EN

The article discusses the matter of contemporary cyberattack techniques aimed at the financial security of banks and their clients and presents the relationship of banks with their clients in the light of the applicable provisions of the European Union (Directive of the European Parliament and the EU Council 2015/2366 of November 25, 2015 on payment services in internal market) and the Polish Act of 19 August 2011 on payment services. The authors also analyze the practical side of the relationship between banks and their customers who have fallen victim to computer fraud, pointing out that the common practice of banks refusing to return funds stolen from their customers in the electronic banking system is inconsistent with the applicable standards of Polish and European law.

7

Seniorzy na rynku usług finansowych

88%

Wierzbicka E.

Finanse i Prawo Finansowe

|

2022

|

vol. 1

|

issue 33

25-42

EN

The purpose of the article/hipothesis: To determine the trends of changes in the situation of seniors in the financial services market in 2018–2020. The author assesses the standard of living and economic situation of seniors in Poland. The author indicates what factors and conditions affect the activity of seniors in the financial market as well as their safety as clients of financial institutions. According to the author, seniors bear the greater risk while choosing financial products appropriate to their needs and conditions, in comparison with other consumer groups. On a larger scale, this group of consumers is also affected by the risk of mis-selling and fraud, as well as cyber risk. The above-mentioned types of risk are exacerbated by the decreasing availability of financial services that are specifically dedicated to this group of clients. Research method: Critical analysis of the literature on the subject and results of empirical research and statistical data available. Selected reports of institutions such as the Polish Banks Association, the National Bank of Poland, the Credit Information Bureau as well as reports of advisory and consulting companies were also analyzed. Research results: Indication of the basic conditions influencing the economic situation of seniors in Poland and their position as consumers of products offered by the financial intermediaries. Defining the basic determinants of seniors' safety in the financial services market. So far, Poland has not developed a system of comprehensive protection of seniors, based on intergenerational solidarity in which, alongside government and local government institutions, financial intermediaries would actively participate.

8

Security of Public Financial Resources and the Public Procurement Procedure – Analysis of Transparency and Characteristics of Procedures Based on Research

88%

Kozłowski A. J., Czaplicka-Kozłowska I. Z.

Internal Security

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2020

|

vol. 12(2)

129-143

EN

The subject of the study is an analysis of the procedures related to the selection of the most advantageous offer in the process defined in the public procurement law. Pointing out the essence of the problem in the area of public financial resources management, attention was paid first of all to legal solutions, their number of changes since the first act was passed in 1994, and to the essence of public financial resources management in the surrounding reality. Based on an analysis of Internet resources randomly selected from more than 50 local governments, mainly districts of large Polish cities, the transparency of public procurement procedures was assessed. Thus, with regard to a particular district, the methods of case study and expert analysis were used in scientific evaluation of the public procurement phenomenon. Then, on the basis of the literature and analysis of the surrounding reality, changes were indicated, the introduction of which will improve public procurement. The results of the research in particular boroughs were used to diagnose the research problem related to transparency in public procurement proceedings and to achieve the objective, which was to develop a state diagnosis and proposals of changes ensuring an increase in the level of utilisation of public financial resources. It was assumed in the study that proper management of public financial resources in the area of expenses, especially those covered by public procurement law, eliminates excessive debt and thus creates security in the area of local financial resources. At the end of the study, recommendations were presented to eliminate the identified shortcomings in the legal solutions and functioning public procurement procedures.

9

Financial security management of enterprises in modern conditions

88%

Berzhanir I.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie

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2023

|

vol. 1

|

issue 50

20-30

EN

The financial security of economic entities is part of the financial security of the state since the enterprise creates added value, which forms a gross domestic product at the state level. In addition, businesses are the main taxpayers that affect the formation of state and local budget revenues. Therefore, a high level of financial security of an enterprise provides the state opportunities to perform its functions, ensures economic development, and improves social standards. In the context of economic and political instability, in addition to the variability of micro- and macro-environment factors that affect the activity of the enterprise, the assessment of financial security is a particularly pressing issue. The aim of the article is to develop a mechanism for managing the financial security of enterprises in accordance with the actual conditions of business conducted by Ukrainian enterprises. The management mechanism is considered as a certain system, which consists of a certain set of interrelated elements and involves taking actions to achieve financial interests by the timely reduction of financial risks and counteracting external as well as internal threats. In each enterprise, an urgent task is to develop an effective strategy for the development of financial security, which is characterized by the close relationship and interdependence of its individual components. In these conditions, in order to increase the level of financial security of enterprises, the following measures are proposed: reducing the amount of receivables, controlling short-term debt, limiting the need for financial sources, reassessing fixed assets, increasing production volumes and product sales, reducing costs and others.

10

Kontrola w mieście metropolitalnym jako aspekt bezpieczeństwa ﬁnansowego

88%

Czaja-Hliniak I.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

|

2014

|

issue 1(14)

33-44

EN

In the present European Union economic and financial crisis and the enlarging size of public debt, the instruments, which prevent the financial risk and ensure the financial safety, play an important role. This issue is important for Europe, the State and also for local government. Activities of local governments have a significant impact on the formation of public debt, and thus on financial security. In order to ensure the economic and financial security there exist different forms of control, including financial control, control of activities of the State and local government. The scope of this issue depends on the type of local government units. The scope of financial management control in small municipalities is different from the one in large cities. Metropolitan cities have specific problems, therefore issues of control, controlling and controlled entities, the subject and scope of control are also specific. Financial control in the broad sense is a particular type of control. Financial control can be divided into internal, external, and internal audit. The most important are external controls carried out by the Supreme Chamber of Control (NIK), the Regional Audit Office (RIO), the Tax Inspection Office, the Provincial Office, the Marshal's Office and other entities, where, in principle, there is no overlap between the subject of the control carried out by different entities. Recently the increase of controls related to the use of EU funds can be seen, due to the expiry of the period of settling accounts associated with the completion of the EU's Financial Perspective.

11

Financial Security of the Public Sector and Citizens Versus Transparency of the Real Estate Tax Management

75%

Kozłowski A. J., Czaplicka-Kozłowska I. Z.

Internal Security

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2019

|

vol. 11(1)

21-33

EN

With the decentralisation of state management, decisions have been taken to strengthen the financial autonomy of public-law organisations. Decentralisation, together with the new area of competence of local governments, has become a very important element of the process of educating citizens in the area of finance, especially in the area of tax management. This article is devoted to the problem of proper use of real estate tax by the gmina self-government, hence its functionality in the context of the law in force and the use of this law by the inhabitants of the gminas and local authorities. Within the scope of decisions influencing the amount of income of the gmina self-government from the real estate tax, there are residents, who most often determine the taxable area they use. Next, the decision-making and executive bodies, acting jointly, decide on the subjective and material scope of the tax. It should also be noted that the functionality of this tax is strongly influenced by the residents who contact their representatives in the gmina authorities and officials who consistently perform their duties and control the properties of the area to be taxed. Citizens’ knowledge of public finances, especially of the rules determining the size of liabilities towards the state budget or public-law partnerships functioning within it, including budgets of local governments, translates into financial security not only of local budgets but also of household budgets. The study used research among taxpayers of this tax. It analysed the legal dimension and the income from this tax in a selected region of the Republic of Poland. The main objective of the study, apart from the assessment of the functionality of real estate tax, is to build a model of real estate tax management that takes into account, first of all, the principle of tax justice.

12

Budgetary policy of Ukraine in time of challenges and its impact on financial security

75%

Bondaruk T., Momotiuk L., Zaichko I.

Statistics in Transition new series

|

2023

|

vol. 24

|

issue 1

145-168

EN

Ukraine has recently experienced a significant economic downturn as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war caused by a large-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation. In conditions of the constant fluctuations of the national economy, the stimulating effect of the budgetary policy aimed at minimizing the consequences of such fluctuations and guaranteeing a sufficient level of financial security of the state becomes especially important. The aim of the study is to deepen the theoretical and methodological foundations of the creation and implementation of budgetary policy in Ukraine, evaluation of its impact on the financial security in time of challenges. The study uses methods of comparative analysis, grouping in the process of evaluating the current state of budgetary policy indicators, methods of normalization and standardization of data, modelling, and graphical analysis of data for normalizing the financial security indicators and determining the dynamics of financial security components. The materials and reports containing statistical data from the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine served as the basis of the study. We found out that the components of the financial security of the state in the face of the challenges posed by martial law and the pandemic do not take into account the impact of budgetary policy. We substantiated the thesis that the creation of Ukraine's budgetary policy under martial law requires adjustments to the financial security assessment system. The most statistically significant and reliable models of interrelation were selected for further use in multifactor modelling and forecasting the financial security of the state (on the basis of ranking the linear, polynominal, exponential, logarithmic and power dependencies within one-factor equations). It was experimentally proved that out of 122 statistically significant indicators, budgetary policy indicators such as the coefficient of financing the national functions, the coefficient of public debt service and redemption, and the coefficient of the proportionality of financing the national security agencies had the greatest impact on the financial security of Ukraine. We also substantiated the scientific provisions behind the modelling of the level of financial security of Ukraine taking into account the impact of budgetary policy in the period of challenges. In the process of modelling, the indicators of budgetary policy were identified, while regression analysis revealed the factors influencing the budgetary policy.

13

Bezpieczeństwo finansowe transakcji dłużnych – wyniki badań empirycznych

75%

Filipiak B.

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

|

2014

|

vol. 8

|

issue 2

11-21

EN

The problem of financial security becomes extremely topical in the face of changes in the system of debt commitment. This article aims to identify the attitudes of local government in shaping the financial security of debt transactions in the light of the study. This paper presents the decision-making process as a measure of transaction security. The discussed position of debt transactions is the object of interest of financial security. The results of empirical studies regarding the attitudes and behaviour of financial security associated with such debt transactions were presented.

PL

Problem bezpieczeństwa finansowego staje się niezmiernie aktualny wobec zmian systemu zaciągania zobowiązań dłużnych. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na postawy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w zakresie kształtowania bezpieczeństwa finansowego transakcji dłużnych w świetle przeprowadzonych badań. W artykule przedstawiono proces decyzyjny jako wyznacznik bezpieczeństwa transakcyjnego. Omówiono pozycję transakcji dłużnych jako przedmiotu zainteresowania bezpieczeństwa finansowego. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań empirycznych w odniesieniu do postaw i zachowania bezpieczeństwa finansowego związanego z zawieranymi transakcjami dłużnymi.

14

Strategiczne czynniki rozwoju determinantami bezpieczeństwa finansowego firmy

75%

Danuta M., Dominik M.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

|

2016

|

issue 2(40)

367-374

PL

Ze względu na złożoność problemów współczesnego zarządzania organizacjami, w artykule Autorzy próbowali udowodnić, że otoczenie organizacji w znaczący sposób determinuje jego rozwój, funkcjonowanie i bezpieczeństwo finansowe. Badania zostały wykonane przy wykorzystaniu metod scenariuszowych i ekstrapolacji trendów. Dzięki zaproponowanym metodom możliwym było zbadanie składników makrootoczenia organizacji w kontekście ich strategicznego wpływu na jego funkcjonowanie. Z przeprowadzonych badań scenariuszy stanów otoczenia jednoznacznie wynikało, że w większości analiz znaczącą rolę odgrywają sfery: międzynarodowa, ekonomiczno – polityczna oraz konkurencyjna.

EN

Considering the complexity of problems connected with modern management of organizations, , the authors attempted to prove that the environment of the organization does significantly determine its development, functioning and financial security. The study was conducted with the use of scenario analysis , as well as trend extrapolation. The applied methods enabled investigation of macro – environmental factors of the organization in terms of their strategic effect on its functioning. The examined scenario analyses of the environmental status definitely proved that in the majority of analyses the key role is played by the international, economic and political and competitive areas.

15

Bezpieczeństwo finansowe przedsiębiorstw przemysłu spożywczego w Polsce

75%

Anna B., Dorota C.-K.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

|

2016

|

issue 2(40)

239-247

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the fi nancial security of food industry enterprises in Poland in 2009–2013, with particular emphasis on the processing industry of milk and cheese production, including those operating in the form of dairy cooperatives. The analysis was conducted using unpublished data of GUS, as well as individual fi nancial data on dairy cooperatives. The study indicates that the manufacturing sector of food and beverage production, as well as milk processing and cheese making, according to the established measures of fi nancial security, can be considered safe. This assessment, however, is varied and results from the specifi c industries, especially in relation to capital management.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena bezpieczeństwa fi nansowego przedsiębiorstw przemysłu spożywczego w Polsce w latach 2009–2013, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem branży przetwórstwa mleka i wyrobu serów, w tym przedsiębiorstw działających w formie spółdzielni mleczarskich. Analizę przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu niepublikowanych danych GUS z lat 2009–2013, a także jednostkowych danych fi nansowych spółdzielni mleczarskich. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że branże produkcji artykułów spożywczych i produkcji napojów, a także przetwórstwa mleka i wyrobu serów, w świetle przyjętych mierników bezpieczeństwa fi nansowego, można uznać za bezpieczne. Ocena ta jest jednak zróżnicowana i wynika ze specyfi ki branż, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do zarządzania kapitałem obrotowym.

16

Basis for the Polish Financial Supervision Authority to issue permits to conduct business activity on the financial market as an element of the national security policy of Poland

63%

Gładysz P., Żmigrodzki R.

Facta Simonidis

|

2016

|

vol. 9

|

issue 1

177-190

PL

Artykuł dotyczy podstaw udzielania zezwolenia na prowadzenie działalności na rynku finansowym w kontekście polityki bezpieczeństwa państwa. Dokonano wyjaśnienia roli decyzji administracyjnej w procesie oraz analizie poddano tryb postepowania przed Komisją Nadzoru Finansowego. Dokonano także charakterystyki zasad ograniczających działalność Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego oraz kluczowych aspektów zezwolenia na prowadzenie działalności na rynku finansowym i wymogów ostrożnościowych.

EN

The article analyzes the basis for issuing a permit to conduct business activity on the financial market in the context of the national security policy. In this paper the role of the administrative decision is explained and the mode of proceedings by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority is analysed. Additionally, the principles restricting the functioning of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority as well as the key aspects of licensing to conduct business activity on the financial market and prudence requirements are characterised.

17

Time banks vs household production theory and threats to the fiscal security of the state

63%

Stępnicka N., Wiączek P.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

|

2019

|

issue vol. 63, nr 7

127-135

EN

The aim of the article is to demonstrate that time banks are an example of one of the many models of a cooperation economy, including a shared way of life. We can place them in the category of so-called household production. The research on this issue was conducted by American economist Hazel Kyrk (1886-1957), a founder of the so-called home economics. According to Kyrk’s theory, time banks are a part of household production, which is free of charge and enables to use resources of households in a more efficient way. The authors used the historical method and the method of the critical analysis of literature.

PL

Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że banki czasu są jednym z wielu modeli gospodarki współpracy, w tym współdzielonego stylu życia. Możemy zakwalifikować je do kategorii tzw. produkcji domowej. Prekursorką badań dotyczących produkcji domowej była amerykańska ekonomistka Hazel Kyrk (1886-1957), twórczyni specjalności zwanej ekonomiką domu. Zgodnie z teorią H. Kyrk banki czasu są częścią produkcji gospodarstw domowych, mającej charakter nieodpłatny i pozwalających na wykorzystanie zasobów gospodarstwa domowego w bardziej efektywny sposób. Metodami wykorzystanymi w pracy są metoda historyczna i metoda krytycznej analizy literatury.

18

Zagrożenia w gospodarce finansowej samorządów gminnych a wyrównywanie poziomu rozwoju lokalnego

63%

Standar A.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

|

2017

|

vol. 49

359-371

PL

Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja zagrożeń w gospodarce finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Wystąpienie tych zagrożeń, ich skala oraz liczba stanowi niebezpieczeństwo dla stabilnego funkcjonowania JST, co w konsekwencji może ograniczyć ich rozwój lokalny. Ograniczenia możliwości realizacji inwestycji jest szczególnie istotnym problemem dla gmin charakteryzujących się niskim poziomem rozwoju, które w celu niwelacji swojego zacofania rozwojowego powinny zintensyfikować działania na rzecz rozwoju. Istnieje możliwość przyspieszenia tych działań dzięki wykorzystaniu znaczących środków UE w ramach perspektywy finansowej 2014–2020. Stąd niezbędne wydaje się prowadzenie badań mających na celu dostarczanie informacji o ograniczeniach finansowych jednostek sektora publicznego. Realizacja celu wymagała wykorzystania analizy wskaźnikowej, wybranych metod statystyki opisowej oraz analizy ANOVA. Zbadano obszary gospodarki finansowej w zakresie m.in. samodzielności finansowej, płynności finansowej, możliwości inwestycyjnych oraz obsługi zadłużenia. Analizę przeprowadzono dla wszystkich gmin województwa wielkopolskiego z wyjątkiem miast na prawach powiatu.

EN

The aim of this article is to identify risks in the financial management of communities. The occurrence of these threats, their scale and the number represents a danger for the stable functioning of the local government, which in turn may limit their local development. Restrictions on the investment is a particularly important issue for low levels of development communes which for leveling their backwardness and development should intensify development efforts. You can speed up these activities by absorbing significant EU funds in the Financial Perspective 2014–2020. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct research aimed at providing information about the financial constraints of public sector units. The implementation of the required use of ratio analysis and selected methods of descriptive statistics. Examined the areas of financial management in such areas financial independence, liquidity, investment opportunities and debt service. The analysis was conducted for all communes of Wielkopolska Province.

19

Typologia miast na prawach powiatu według poziomu zadłużenia w Polsce, w latach 2007-2014

63%

Kozera A.

Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne

|

2016

|

vol. 4(82)

PL

Miasta na prawach powiatu, ze względu na ich dualny charakter, pełnią funkcje przypisane nie tylko gminom, ale również część zadań przynależnych powiatom. Realizują one zatem szereg zadań zarówno w sferze socjalnej, społecznej, jak i infrastrukturalnej, które mają wpływ na poziom rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego regionu, oraz jakość życia społeczności lokalnej. Jednak z roku na rok dynamicznie wzrasta zadłużenie podmiotów sektora samorządowego, a w szczególności największych miast na prawach powiatu – metropolii. W 2007 roku zadłużenie ogółem miast na prawach powiatu wyniosło bowiem 11,2 mld zł (7 mld zł w przypadku metropolii), natomiast w 2014 roku było już prawie trzykrotnie wyższe i wzrosło do blisko 32,5 mld zł (w przypadku metropolii do ponad 20 mld zł), stanowiąc ponad 45% zadłużenia ogółem sektora samorządowego w Polsce. Analiza zjawiska zadłużenia podmiotów sektora samorządowego, w tym miast na prawach powiatu, z uwagi na to, że realizują one szeroki zakres zadań, a ich dług obejmuje część długu publicznego, ma istotne znaczenie nie tylko z racji prawidłowego ich funkcjonowania, ale także bezpieczeństwa finansowego państwa. Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza zjawiska zadłużenia miast na prawach powiatu w Polsce, w latach 2007-2014. Badania przeprowadzono przede wszystkim na podstawie baz danych publikowanych przez Ministerstwo Finansów (Wskaźniki do oceny sytuacji finansowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego) z wykorzystaniem metod statystyki opisowej i metody Warda.

EN

Due to the dual character of towns with a county status, they function not only as communes but also have some functions of counties. They execute a wide range of welfare-related, social and infrastructural tasks, which affect socio-economic development in the region and quality of life in the local community. Every year the debt of entities in the local government sector increases dynamically. It is particularly noticeable in the biggest towns with the status of counties – metropolises. In 2007, the total debt of towns with a county status was 11.2 billion zlotys (7 billion zlotys in metropolises). In 2014, the debt was nearly three times as great: it increased to nearly 32.5 billion zlotys (more than 20 billion zlotys in metropolises). It amounted to more than 45% of the total debt of the local government sector in Poland. It seems important that analysis of the debt of entities in the local government sector, including towns with a county status, be conducted because they perform a wide range of activities and their debt is part of public debt. Therefore, the analysis is significant not only for a proper functioning of these entities but also for the financial security of the state. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the debt of towns with a county status in Poland between 2007 and 2014. The study is chiefly based on databases published by the Ministry of Finance – Indicators to Assess the Financial Situation of Local Government Units, and uses descriptive statistics and Ward's method.

20

Bezpieczeństwo finansowe miast wojewódzkich

63%

Dolewka Z.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

|

2014

|

issue 40

31-41

PL

Miasta wojewódzkie stanowią istotny element systemu samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Dysponują one ogromnym majątkiem i finansami publicznymi, co nakazuje ich efektywne wykorzystanie w interesie mieszkańców wspólnoty miejskiej. Przedmiotem i celem artykułu jest próba oceny poziomu bezpieczeństwa finansowego, rozumianego jako korzystny stan kon-dycji finansowej badanych miast. Problem ten jest bardzo istotny, ponieważ miasta są coraz bardziej zadłużone, co stanowi realne zagrożenie dla wykorzystania nowych środków unijnych. W badaniu zastosowano metody analizy opisowej, porównawczej oraz proste metody analizy statystycznej. Z badania wyłania się zróżnicowany obraz sytuacji finansowej miast wojewódzkich. Realiza-cja inwestycji infrastrukturalnych wymaga relatywnie dużych nakładów finansowych i prowadzi do wzrostu zadłużenia, nawet nadmiernego. Wobec zmiany zasad i kryteriów oceny w stosunku do jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, kategoria nadwyżki operacyjnej stanowi kluczowy parametr oceny bezpieczeństwa finansowego i wyznacza granicę możliwości inwestycyjnych bądź spłaty wcześniej zaciągniętych zobowiązań. Dla rzetelnej oceny stanu bezpieczeństwa finansowego jednostek sektora samorządowego potrzebna jest rzetelna i pełna informacja dotycząca nie tylko danych budżetowych, ale pozostałego zadłużenia, w tym jego struktury.

EN

Provincial cities are an essential element of the system of local government in Poland. They administer huge assets and public finances, which dictates their efficient use in the interests of the inhabitants of the community. The subject and purpose of the article is an attempt to assess the level of financial security, understood as a beneficial state of financial health of cities. This prob-lem is very important, because cities are increasingly indebted, which represents a real threat to the use of new EU measures. In a study of the methods of analysis used the descriptive, comparative and simple methods of statistical analysis. From the study of emerging diversified picture of the financial situation of the provincial cit-ies. Implementation of infrastructure investment requires relatively large financial expenditures and leads to an increase in debt, even excessive. To change the rules and criteria for the evaluation of the relative to units of local government, the category operating surplus is a key parameter for the evaluation of financial security and cross-border investment opportunities or the repayment of earlier commitments. For a fair assessment of the State of the financial security of self-government sector entities need a reliable and full information concerning not only budgetary data, but the remaining debt, including its structure.

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