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The impact of the diversification of revenues on NGOs? commercialization: evidence from Poland

100%
Mikołajczak P.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
|
2018
|
vol. 13
|
issue 4
761-779
EN
Research background: The commercialization of non-governmental organizations through undertaking an activity based on the commercial sale of services and products is a phenomenon which raises controversy among numerous researchers. Traditionally, NGOs act in a sector of social services to solve problems, such as homelessness, exclusion or social pathologies. They also provide different services which cannot be provided by the market, for instance in education, the healthcare system, culture, or art. Driven by a social mission, NGOs introduce their concepts, strongly relying on fees to perform their activity. They also obtain funds in the form of public donations or payments from private or institutional donors. Growing social needs and changes in the governmental policy aimed at reducing social-aid spending have put pressure on NGOs to develop entrepreneurial strategies to gain financial support. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to investigate how particular funding sources affect the probability of non-governmental organizations? commercialization. Methods: Data for the analyses have been collected from a national survey of Polish non-governmental organizations. In the analysis of logistic regression, a specially-developed model was used to estimate the probability of NGOs? commercialization, depending on the selected categories of funding sources. Findings & Value added: An analysis of the results indicates clearly that the likelihood of NGOs? commercialization slightly decreases as a greater number of private external financial sources is used. In contrast with existing literature, which claims that government funding is crowding out commercial activity, this research finds that, to some extent, public funds positively stimulate the commercialization of NGOs. The contribution of this research is that it introduces the category of internal financing sources of non-profit organizations, which have been overlooked in previous studies. The article provides clear statistical arguments demonstrating that private internal revenues strongly affect the commercialization of the organizations surveyed. The paper is the first to present a model that comprehensively considers the probability of NGOs? commercialization, including private external and internal, as well as public, sources of funding.
2
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Problematyka fi nansowania partii politycznych w Polsce

88%
Gąsior T.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2013
|
issue 5(118)
9-32
EN
The author deals with the issue of political party funding which is very important for the existence of constitutional democracy (the democratic state ruled by law). The functioning of political parties is, indeed, understood by legal theorists as one of the fundaments of modern democracies. The purpose of a political party is to use democratic means in order to exert infl uence on shaping state policy or exercising public authority. This may be achieved, above all, by participation of political parties in elections. The activities aimed at achievement of this goal could not be undertaken without appropriate funding. Political fi nances are considered to have a key role in shaping democratic society, as the volume of available funds determines, to a high degree, success in the race for power. The article discusses matters related to the sources wherefrom political parties may acquire funds, as well as the principles of their acquisition. The issue is governed by the Act of 27 June 1997 on Political Parties. Under this Act, the assets of a political party is derived from membership fees, donations, bequests, legacies, income from property, and from subsidies and subventions payable out of the State Budget. The author also indicates additional ways, not specifi ed in the Act, of lawful acquisition of fi nancial means by political parties. He also examines: the forms of acquiring the funds, places of their collection, limits for donations, as well as purposes for which the funds may be used and procedures for their use. The author concludes that in Poland the funding of political parties is subject to strict legal regulation. How the relevant provisions are observed greatly depends on legal consciousness of persons establishing political parties.
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Znaczenie unii rynków kapitałowych dla rozwoju alternatywnych źródeł finansowania małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Unii Europejskiej

75%
Szczepankowski P.
Studia BAS
|
2018
|
issue 1(53)
45-75
EN
The article looks at capital markets union (CMU), i.e. an action plan of the European Commission to mobilise capital in Europe and channel it to companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The main aim of the study is to examine the sources of financing identified in the CMU plan and discuss whether European SMEs will make use and benefit from the proposal. The evaluation of the CMU as an initiative aimed at supporting the EU economy and the growth of their SMEs by providing a greater choice of funding sources is also presented in the paper.
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