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EN
Nowadays the perception of culture only through the prism of autotelic values and noticing ”more useful values” in it is not the only one. As a result of this process culture is seen as a “lever” of social development in a variety dimensions − from building of competence through the creation of local ties and support of personal identity formation, to the creation of social cohesion. At the same time cultural institutions often struggle with limited financial resources necessary to fulfill the role for which they have been established. The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities of cultural institutions financing in the context of the limitations on sources of funding statutory activities by broadening their product range. Literature research and statistical data confirm the progressive process of decentralization of cultural institutions funding. Governments and local governments still remain the largest support of culture in comparison with other sectors. Still, all three spheres − the government, the market and the non-profit sphere − operate simultaneously and their penetration is rather the rule than the exception. To encourage the market and the third sphere to finance cultural projects, cultural institutions should extend the range of products by less standard (classical) product adapted to the wider audience. The presented project is an example of using the sources of financing tasks performed by cultural institutions not connected with the activities they have been established for. Cultural institutions are facing funding limitations and yet have the resources which enable the unusual activity using attractive means of expression for the customer. Owing to these measures, these institutions can deliver social (including educational and integrational) content in a very interesting way.
EN
In Poland, after the economic transformation a lot of fields of business lines required adaptation, also in social security. On last years performed some changes in the insurances. The sick insurance in the common social insurance has been defined as obligatory for the employees, and voluntary at the request of the person. The cash expenditures for benefits from sick insurance of the contribution charges only the employee insured, also employers incur cost connected with the sickness of employees to pay the remuneration for inability for work. The unfavorable demographic conditions which determine making the decisions also in the past years, modification of rights and levels of benefits from sick insurance was introduced, which did not reduce, but quite contrary, increased expenses, especially for sick and maternity benefits. It means lack for balancing the sick fund and necessity to search an answer in the foreseeable future to the question whether the level of the contribution should not be reviewed and updated.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to explore different funding sources for young technology-based companies at different stages of their development, taking into consideration their characteristics. The study uses data from an extensive literature review on the start-up literature and a desk research analysis. The first part of the article focuses on the explanation of the concept of start-up with an emphasis on internal and external risks it can bear for a potential investor. The middle part of the article offers an overview on various division concepts into phases of a start-up. The final part explains characteristics of different kinds of investors in order to match them with specific phases of growth. The author’s findings reveal that the new technology-based firms demonstrate different financing patterns at different stages of development. The article may serve as an interesting overview for start-ups planning their development path as it attempts to reconcile different points of view. However, being based only on existing literature sources, further research is necessary for more profound conclusions.
EN
The paper raises the subject of financing innovative activities in the Polish SME sector. In the literature a lot of work in this field can be found, but most of them concern the cost of capital and barriers and problems in raising capital for the SME sector or look for an optimal financing structure. However, the purpose of this paper is to identify the sources of funding for innovative investments by Polish SMEs in the context of the presented theories: choose the order of financing sources (pecking order theory) and the theory of the growth cycle of funding (financial growth cycle). In order to achieve this ambitious objective, the results derived from secondary research, primarily reports published by the Ministry of Economic Forecasting Department of Market and the Polish Confederation of Private Employers “Lewiatan” were used. The results for Polish SMEs were then related to the research studies conducted in German SMEs, in order to compare the structure of capital used to finance innovative investments. The essence of this paper is to answer the question whether the structure of capital is dependent on the degree of innovation of enterprises. Therefore, the degree of innovativeness of Polish SMEs broken down by the size of enterprise and set out common sources of financing, specific to each of these groups of companies. The obtained results of the research were finally referred to the mentioned theories.
PL
Celem artykułu była ocena wykorzystania crowdfundingu udziałowego jako alternatywnego źródła finansowania działalności przedsiębiorstw z punktu widzenia polskich doświadczeń. Autorka, oprócz samego modelu finansowania, analizuje również nowe, planowane do wdrożenia rozwiązania prawne, które mogą w znaczny sposób ułatwić zastosowanie tej formy zdobywania kapitału. Poza tym zmiana poziomu pozyskiwania środków bez wymogów opracowywania prospektu emisyjnego do 1 mln EUR, wymuszona przez Unię Europejską, może zdecydowanie zwiększyć zainteresowanie crowdfundingiem udziałowym, zarówno wśród przedsiębiorców, jak i inwestorów. Mimo że udziałowe finansowanie społecznościowe jest coraz bardziej popularne, szczególnie wśród przedsiębiorstw z sektora MŚP oraz start-upów, niewiele wiadomo na temat rzeczywistych doświadczeń związanych z tym rodzajem źródła finansowania. Poza tym stosowane w tym celu rozwiązania prawne w wielu krajach pozostają wciąż niejasne. Warto zatem stawiać pytania o stosowane praktyki.
EN
The aim of the article is to assess the use of equity crowdfunding as an alternative source of financing business operations from the point of view of Polish experience. Apart from the financing model itself, the author also analyzes new legal solutions planned to be implemented, which can significantly facilitate the use of this form of raising capital. Despite the fact that equity-based crowdfunding is becoming increasingly popular, especially among enterprises in the SME sector and start-ups, little is known about the real experience of this type of financing source. Besides, legal solutions used for this purpose are still unclear in many countries. It is, therefore, worth asking questions about the practices used.
EN
This article discusses the verification of the effect of publication in the studies regarding the sources of financing business operations. There is a probability that the results presented in literature may be encumbered by the problem of statistical significance selection. The works which show a weaker correlation or the lack of significance are less attractive and are seldom published – they are viewed as not providing enough contribution to science and not explaining the studied phenomena. In the publications regarding bank loans, the publication selection bias was found in the case of the structure of the assets and size of the company. In the case of the trade credit, the publication selection bias was pointed out in the case of indebtedness, profitability, size of the company, development potential and stock. In the studies of lease, the publication selection bias was confirmed in the case of indebtedness, profitability and size of the company.
EN
The article deals with the issue of financing projects from the services sector. Bank credits have been one of the most important external financing sources for enterprises for several decades. In addition to equity, which is the basic and at the same time the main financing, it is the funds from the loans granted by banks that help to carry out enterprises’ undertakings on the territory of Poland. It is worth emphasizing the fact of assessing the financial situation of entities applying for cash from banks. The study presents the most important data showing how much service enterprises reach for external sources of financing and what place bank loans occupy in this structure. The aim of the article is to attempt to define the significance of funds from bank loans for the development in the services sector. The analysis of empirical data, as well as a survey on the financing of enterprises in Poland conducted on a group of 600 business entities in the services sector clearly state that bank loans, apart from equity, constitute the main and the most popular source of financing of implemented investments. Despite the growing offer of alternative forms of financing, funds from banks are still the most common form of business support.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę finansowania przedsięwzięć z sektora usług. Od kilkudziesięciu lat kredyty bankowe stanowią jedno z najważniejszych zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania przedsiębiorstw. Obok kapitału własnego, będącego podstawowym i jednocześnie głównym finansowaniem, to właśnie środki pochodzące z udzielanych przez banki kredytów pomagają zrealizować przedsięwzięcia przedsiębiorstw na terytorium Polski. Wart podkreślenia jest fakt oceny sytuacji finansowej podmiotów ubiegających się o środki pieniężne od banków. W opracowaniu zostały przedstawione najważniejsze dane ukazujące, w jak dużym stopniu przedsiębiorstwa usługowe sięgają po zewnętrzne źródła finansowania oraz jakie miejsce w tej strukturze zajmują kredyty bankowe. Celem artykułu jest próba oceny istotności i znaczenia środków pochodzących z kredytów i pożyczek bankowych na rozwój w sektorze usług. Z uzyskanych danych empirycznych na temat finansowania działalności przedsiębiorstw w Polsce oraz z badania przeprowadzonego na grupie przedsiębiorstw sektora usług jednoznacznie wynika, iż kredyty bankowe obok kapitałów własnych stanowią główne i jednocześnie najpopularniejsze źródło finansowania realizowanych inwestycji. Mimo coraz większej oferty alternatywnych form finansowania, w dalszym ciągu to środki pochodzące od banków stanowią najczęstszą formę wspomagania przedsiębiorstw.
EN
The aim of the article is the assessment of real possibilities of the use of leasing in the Polish economic reality, basing on rational solutions and their measurable outcomes, which can positively stimulate the financial condition of the organization. In the study, an attempt was made to determine the significance of existing constraints in the rational use of leasing services, without which their objective evaluation becomes merely a fiction. It was also underlined that a safe use of leasing services in Poland requires significantly better legal protection for entrepreneurs, which can provide a real opportunity to shape the terms of cooperation with a leasing company on a partnership basis.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena realnych możliwości wykorzystania leasingu w polskich realiach gospodarczych na podstawie racjonalnych rozwiązań przekładających się na wymierne efekty, pozytywnie stymulujące kondycję finansową przedsiębiorstwa. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę określenia znaczenia istniejących ograniczeń w racjonalnym korzystaniu z usług leasingowych, bez czego ich obiektywna ocena pozostaje jedynie fikcją. Zauważono również, że bezpieczne korzystanie w Polsce z usług leasingowych wymaga zdecydowanie lepszej ochrony prawnej przedsiębiorców, dającej realną szansę na kształtowanie zasad współpracy z firmą leasingową na partnerskich warunkach.
EN
The article discusses the problem of protecting industrial plants by preserving them in the form of museums established directly in historical production facilities dating from the era of industrialisation. The author presents the trends and plans of selected museums as well as the ways in which they were built; she also deals with the problem of defining the institution of an industrial open-air museum and its specificity. The creation, aims, organisational structure and financing of the Museum of the Old Polish Basin in Sielpia Wielka, the Historical Metallurgical Plant in Maleniec, the Museum of Oil and Gas Industry in Bóbrka and the "Guido" Mine in Zabrze are discussed in their historical contexts as well as on the basis of archival materials and source publications. The common features and tendencies from the Communist period are concluded by describing the communities involved in the protection of industrial cultural values, the idea behind the way the institution is organised, and the sources of financing.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę ochrony historycznych zakładów przemysłowych poprzez zachowanie ich w formie muzeum założonego bezpośrednio w zabytkowym zakładzie produkcyjnym ery industrializacji. Autorka przedstawia tendencje, koncepcje i drogę do powstania wybranych muzeów, podejmuje również problem zdefiniowania instytucji muzeum-skansenu przemysłowego i jego specyfiki. Na bazie materiałów archiwalnych oraz wydawnictw o charakterze źródłowym, w ujęciu historycznym omówione zostały cele powstania, organizacja i drogi finansowania działalności Muzeum Zagłębia Staropolskiego w Sielpi Wielkiej, Zabytkowego Zakładu Hutniczego w Maleńcu, Muzeum Przemysłu Naftowego i Gazowniczego w Bóbrce, Kopalni Węgla Kamiennego „Guido” Zabrzu. Wskazanie środowisk zaangażowanych w ochronę przemysłowych wartości kulturowych, idei przyświecającej organizacji instytucji oraz źródeł finansowania stanowi podsumowanie wspólnych cech i tendencji powstałych w okresie Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej.
EN
Specific character of SME determines a limited access to short-term capital which is essential for running the business. A financial tool which on one hand enables small entities to improve their financial liquidity and, on the other, to limit the risk connected to delays in settling the receivables, is non-recourse factoring. Both, its construction in the legal, tax and financial context, as well as the procedure of granting it by financial institutions make this instrument gain more and more popularity among the companies in Poland.
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