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Purpose: Knowing the factors that might affect board structure is an important step in understanding boards and their role in corporate governance. This research aims to examine the effect of firm characteristics closely related to corporate governance mechanisms, such as the model of corporate governance, shareholder capital concentration, and stock exchange listing on board structure variables (size, independence, and gender diversity). Methodology: The sample of this study stems from large Macedonian joint-stock companies. We run a hierarchical linear regression of board characteristics on common demographic firm characteristics as control variables and contextual firm characteristics related to corporate governance mechanisms as independent variables. Findings: Joint-stock companies in the Republic of North Macedonia have relatively small boards, which provide no positive effects that would originate from the larger number of board members. Moreover, the number of outside independent members is small, insufficient to influence the boards with greater objectivity, independence, and quality. Larger companies with a one-tier model have statistically significant larger corporate boards and a larger number of independent directors. Implications: The best corporate governance practices worldwide must be used as a basis for future improvements of corporate governance in joint-stock companies in developing economies.
EN
A vast set of empirical evidence has been amassed over the past decade on the existence and direction of foreign direct investment (FDI)-generated horizontal and vertical spillovers. Overall, the results are mixed, and suggest that the theoretical postulated spillover effects often do not automatically materialize just because a country is able to attract FDI in the first place. As a result, more and more research has been devoted to understanding the various conditions that may explain these mixed results. Using a cross-section of more than 25,000 domestic manufacturing firms in 78 low-and middle-income countries from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys Indicator Database we assess how mediating factors influence productivity spillovers to domestic firms from FDI. We differentiate between three types of mediating factors: (i) a foreign investor’s spillover potential, (ii) a domestic firm’s absorptive capacity, and (iii) a country’s institutional framework. We find that all three affect the extent and direction of FDI spillovers on domestic firm productivity. Moreover, we find that the impact of mediating factors depends on domestic firms’ productivity and the structure of foreign ownership.
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