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1
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Dzierżysław 35 – an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III)

100%
Ginter B., Połtowicz-Bobak M.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2009
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vol. 1
11-13
EN
Archaeological research of the Magdalenian culture site with triangles were continued in 2003-2005. They concentrated in the north-western part of the site on a slope leading down to the original lowering. One obtained more than 7 thousand flint artefacts, essentially repeating forms known from previous seasons. However, no stone structures typical of the upper party of the site was discovered. Radiocarbon dates obtained agree well with the earlier ones.
2
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Materiały ze skał krzemiennych i pozakrzemiennych ze stanowiska w Grabowcu stan. 1, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie

88%
Szyryńska M.
Raport
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2014
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vol. 9
117-128
EN
The article presents the analysis of artifacts made of flint and non siliceous rocks. Altogether, during the survey, 41 pieces were obtained – 27 flint products and 14 stone ones. Artifacts made of silica rocks seem to have “a long” chronology – from the late Neolithic period through the Bronze Age to early Iron Age, and single may reach even significantly older periods (perhaps Mesolithic or early and middle Neolithic period). In the group of products made of non siliceous rocks, the only form possible to be linked to settlement of the Lusatian Culture seems to be fragmentarily maintained regular fragment of a battleaxe.
3
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Stanowisko 2 w Zagórzu – wprowadzenie

88%
Kadrow S.
Raport
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2015
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vol. 10
85-91
EN
The article is devoted to the introduction to the issue of the extensive, multicultural site 2 in Zagórze in connection with the beginning of the publications in Volume 10 of the Report a series of developments on the important sources obtained from that site during the rescue excavations in the years 2000-2005. Flint, paleobotanical and paleozoological materials are published in this volume. The spacial layout of the features containing the published artefacts is shown in Fig. 1.
4
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Zabytki wykonane technikami krzemieniarskimi ze wschodniej części polskich Karpat. Badania z lat 2016–2017

88%
Raczak A.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2018
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vol. 39
111-116
EN
The following article presents the results of field survey from 2016-2017. Research work was carried out in the region of Duszatyn, Połonina Wetlińska and Przełęcz Bukowska. Considering palynological analyzes and flint material recorded in this area, they indicate human activity in the Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age. Moreover, the location of artefacts in the high parts of the mountains evidences the seasonal grazing of animals.
5
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Uwagi o znaleziskach przedmiotów wykonanych z krzemienia pasiastego ze wschodniej części polskich Karpat i na ich przedpolu. Próba analizy chronologiczno-kulturowej i interpretacji

75%
Pelisiak A.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2019
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issue 40
73-86
EN
This paper discusses artefacts dated to the neolithic and early Bronze Age found on the area of the eastern polish Carpathians and their forelands. Most of them came from accidental discoveries but some of them were found as a result of systematic surveys and excavations. Rectangular axes build strongest group of artefacts. Artefacts made of banded flint came from 116 sites grouped into 6 blocks: A – belongs to the Funnel Beaker culture (material from 6 sites); B – with characteristics of the globular Amphora culture/Funnel Beaker culture or the globular Amphora culture/Corded Ware culture (56 sites); C – materials of the Corded Ware culture (11 sites); D – materials dated to the neolithic without cultural affiliation (28 sites); e – materials dated to the early Bronze Age, most probably the Mierzanowice culture (5 sites) and F – materials dated to the neolithic and early Bronze Age without cultural affiliation (9 sites). There is no doubt about cultural affiliation of artefacts from the categories A, C and D. With regard to polished, rectangular axes bearing features typical for the globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker and Corded Ware culture (category B), the situation is different. There is no graves and settlement sites on the eastern polish Carpathians, and graves and settlements are extremely rare on the forelands. This suggest that these areas were not settled by the globular Amphora people. For these reasons cultural affiliation of these axes can be discussed on the several levels. The first one refers to the identification of axes makers. Features of the shape, preparation and polishing and raw material used suggest that these axes, or at least most of them could have been made by the globular Amphora culture people. The second level of interpretation refers to the “last user” of these axes. In this respect, several possibilities can be suggested. First of all, there were people of the Funnel Beaker culture and/or Corded Ware culture. numerous sites of the Funnel Beaker and Corded Ware cultures located on the eastern polish Carpathians forelands, on the eastern Carpathian Foothills, and within the jasło–Sanok Depression may indirectly suggests such the cultural affiliation of these axes. Secondly, it cannot be completely excluded that the “last users” of such axes may have been also the people of the globular Amphora culture (items lost during penetration of these areas or movement of people, or some these axes came from destroyed graves of the globular Amphora culture).
6

Materiały krzemienne z Rugii w zbiorach Muzeum Okręgowego w Toruniu

75%
Bielińska-Majewska B.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2018
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vol. Tom XXVII
s. 109-114
EN
The District Museum in Toruń (Muzeum Okręgowe w Toruniu – MOT) owns an extensive range of archaeological artefacts dating from the Final Palaeolithic to modern times; coming mainly from Chełmno Land, Dobrzyń Land, Kujawy and Gdańsk Pomerania. Asides of these there are also single artefacts from other regions. One small assemblage of such objects comes from Rügen (Germany) – an island in the south-western region of the Baltic Sea. The basic intention for the publication is to describe in brief and illustrate the hitherto unpublished archival flint products originating from Rügen, which are now stored in the Department of Archaeology of the District Museum in Toruń. The presented flint products are stray finds without a stratigraphic-cultural context, which inhibits their precise chronological and cultural affiliation. Despite this they should be treated as archival finds that may be a supplementary source concerning the history of gathering archaeological artefacts for specific museum collections. They may also be helpful for researchers involved in cataloguing specific tool types or dealing with issues related to the use of specific flint material in a given area.
PL
Muzeum Okręgowe w Toruniu posiada bogaty zbiór zabytków archeologicznych datowanych od paleolitu schyłkowego do czasów nowożytnych pochodzących przede wszystkim z ziemi chełmińskiej, dobrzyńskiej, Kujaw i Pomorza Gdańskiego. Wśród w/w kolekcji archeologicznej odnaleźć można także pojedyncze zabytki, które nie pochodzą z w/w zakresu terytorialnego. Jednym z nich są pojedyncze wyroby krzemienne z Rugii. Jest to wyspa (niem. Rügen), która znajduje się w południowo-zachodniej części Bałtyku. Podstawowym założeniem publikacji jest krótka charakterystyka i zilustrowanie niepublikowanych, archiwalnych materiałów krzemiennych pochodzących z Rugii, przechowywanych aktualnie w zbiorach Muzeum Okręgowego w Toruniu w Dziale Archeologii. Omawiane wyroby krzemienne należą do znalezisk luźnych pozbawionych kontekstu stratygraficzno-kulturowego, co uniemożliwia określenie ich precyzyjnej przynależności chronologiczno-kulturowej. Pomimo tego znaleziska te mogą być uzupełnieniem źródłowym dotyczącym historii pozyskiwania zbiorów archeologicznych do określonych kolekcji muzealnych, jak również mogą stanowić uzupełnienie źródłowe dla badaczy zajmujących się zagadnieniami związanymi z określonym surowcem krzemiennym na określonym obszarze.
7
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Materiały krzemienne z cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Weklicach, stan. 7, pow. elbląski

75%
Natuniewicz-Sekuła M., Werra D. H.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2014
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vol. LXV
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issue 65
197-210
EN
The article reports on a group of 22 flint artefacts (Table 1, fig. 1–4) recovered in 2012 and 2013 from the fill of graves and a feature (graves nos. 586, 587, 588, 590; feature 590A – a robbery tunnel leading to grave 590), and from a layer [100A-B] underlying the bottom of the pits of the graves named above. The flint assemblage is marked by the diversity of its raw material in terms of colour, translucence and lustre (Table 1). Most specimens were struck from a local resource (Baltic erratic flint, Pomeranian flint). Flakes form the largest group, followed by, blades and flint waste. The absence of diagnostic flints and core forms prevents closer chronological determinations. The flints could be the remains of activity by prehistoric communities spanning the Final Palaeolithic through to the Early Bronze Age. A more outstanding find in the group is an endscraper struck from Baltic erratic flint recovered from layer [100B] below grave 586 (Fig. 1:8) and a side crested blade of Pomeranian flint – recovered from layer [100B] below grave 586 (Fig. 1:5). However, the chronological and cultural attribution of these finds cannot be determined basing on their metric and technological attributes. The most interesting in the presented assemblage is a retouched blade discovered in grave 588 (Fig. 1:12). Its material is Cretaceous flint (Volhynian flint?). Basing on its metric parameters, its material and the presence of trough-like retouch this piece may be assigned to Eneolithic flint working (A. Zakościelna 1996, p. 105). Similar retouched blades struck from Cretaceous flint with a stepped and trough-like retouch are known from the assemblages known from the Lublin-Volhynian, Funnel Beaker and Tripolye Cultures (A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1979; J. Libera, A. Zakościelna 2006). The stratigraphic situation not understood sufficiently enough to allow more general conclusions on the character and dating of the layer containing the flints. Nevertheless, the presence of worked flints in a Roman Period cemetery suggests a number of possible interpretations: 1) the flints are residual artefacts, introduced into the fill of the Wielbark Culture graves when they were cut into an older stratigraphy; 2) the flints are part of Wielbark Culture flint working; 3) they are flint artefacts from an earlier age that were deposited intentionally in the graves by the Wielbark community.
8
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O pierwszych grobach kultur ceramik wstęgowych w Polsce – raz jeszcze. Inwentarze krzemienne grobów kultury lubelsko-wołyńskiej ze stanowiska Grodzisko II w Złotej w świetle analizy traseologicznej

63%
Mączyński P., Zakościelna A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
107-118
EN
Archaeological materials from graves of the Lublin-Volhynian Culture at Złota, Sandomierz County were published in the past at least twice, reported on briefly by Józef Żurowski (1930; 1932), and published comprehensively – complete with osteology, archaeozoology and malacology analyses and 14C dates – by Barbara Sałacińska and Anna Zakościelna (2007). The present study reports on insights from the analysis of use-wear on flints from grave inventories no. 101 and 122 deriving from site Grodzisko II at Złota (Fig. 1). The analysis focused on seven flint objects. Two of these survived from the original total of 11 flint objects found in grave 101 (Fig. 2): a retouched dagger on a macrolithic blade (Fig. 3) and an endscraper on a blade (Fig. 4). Grave 122, interpreted as a cenotaph (Fig. 5), contributed five flints: three blades (Fig. 6:1.2, 7:1), a blade-like flake (Fig. 7:2) and a truncation (Fig. 8). All of them were examined for the presence of use-wear. Possibly the most remarkable in this group is the dagger on a retouched blade from grave 101. The use-wear identified on its surface was caused by the use of the lateral edges of this tool for scraping hide and/or plants (Fig. 3, 9:3.4). Additionally, the dagger appears to have been kept in a sheath (Fig. 9:1). Not to be discounted either is the presence of a handle made of an organic material (Fig. 9:2), similar to the one known from a flint dagger found at Charavines in France (Fig. 10). The endscraper from the same grave inventories had been used as a knife for cutting meat (Fig. 4). Flints belonging to the grave inventory 122 appear to have been used in somewhat different activities namely, in firemaking – the truncation (Fig. 8), and working wood – the blade-like flake (Fig. 7:2). Two blades (Fig. 6:1, 7:1) presumably were used in processing animal carcasses, but use-wear observed on them is insufficiently developed to make this conclusion definitive. The investigated assemblage is not the first group of flint tools assigned to the Lublin-Volhynian Culture which was subjected to use-wear analysis. Despite the small size of this series a comparison made of the analysis results revealed a degree of convergence. There was similarity both in how daggers were used as macrolithic scrapers, may have been provided with a handle and/or a sheath. Tools with similar use-wear surfaced at Książnice 2 and Strzyżów 2A. Also worth noting is the frequently observed tradition of offering to the dead on their last journey ‘flint tools’ in the form of unretouched blades which apparently served as knives. This type of behaviour is documented by the grave inventory 122 from Złota, and also, by other inventories, for example, the grave inventory 1/1961 at Strzyżów IA, and by all the funeral features with flint objects in site Strzyżów 2A (graves nos. 3, 4, 5, 6).
9
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Wytwory krzemienne z cmentarzyska z późnej starożytności Nejzac na Krymie

63%
Mączyński P., Polit B.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2016
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vol. LXVII
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issue 67
175-193
EN
Major development of metallurgy production in the Crimean Peninsula and adjacent areas led to a gradual decline in late 2nd millennium BC of the use of flint in the manufacture of tools and elements of weapons. Contrary to the prevalent view about the loss of interest in this resource flint has been recorded in proto- and early historic sites. There is evidence for the use of flint resources by the population of Crimea from the site at Neyzats, rai. Bilohirsk (Fig. 1) dating to 2nd–3rd quarter of the 2nd–4th century AD. The large and quite varied inventory from this cemetery included flint finds that are uncharacteristic for this period. Their number, and quite importantly, their location inside the graves, have prompted us to make a closer study of the assemblage from this sepulchral site. Our analysis covers the finds from excavation seasons 1996, 1997, 1999–2008 and 2011–2013 headed by prof. I. N. Khrapunov. They include 65 flint artefacts and a single quartzite chunk (?) recovered from 557 graves that were identified and excavated during this period. The study focuses on a series of flint artefacts that were found resting on the grave pit bottom at the level of detection of the inhumations, and on other elements of the grave inventories eg, vessels, tools and personal ornaments. Left outside the analysis were flint artefacts found in the fill of the entrance corridors, their location recognized as accidental since deposition of grave goods in this part of the grave was not practiced. The typological description of the flint finds was made using the system established for Stone Age assemblages. The inventory of interest includes chunks (Fig. 2:2–4, 3:1.2.4.5), flake forms (Fig. 5:1–7, 6:2–8, 9), blades and retouched blades (Fig. 3:3.6–9, 4:2.4–10), a para-blade (Fig. 6:1), cores (Fig. 4:1.3) and bifacial tools (Fig. 7:1.2, 8:1.2). Also classified to this group is a single object made of quartzite (?). Technological and morphological analysis of the assemblage identified the style of manufacture of these forms as typical for the Stone Age (Mesolithic) and the Bronze Age. This would confirm the conjecture that in the first centuries AD the population of the Crimean Peninsula obtained lithic resources by collecting flint artefacts from the surface of chronologically older sites (debitage) and from flint outcrops (natural flint chunks and fragments of concretions). The study took into account 20 graves containing a total of 26 burials in situ with flint artefacts found resting where they originally had been deposited. The other 16 graves had been robbed in Antiquity or in the modern age, their inventories displaced and mixed. In most cases the flints rested in the area of the belt of the deceased, together with other items, eg, whetstones, knives, awls, buckles and iron objects too heavily corroded to identify. The arrangement of the artefacts and their location within the grave space suggest that the flints were carried placed with other objects in a container fastened at the belt (leather pouch?). Many of the flint artefacts have evident macroscopic alterations attesting to their use, in the form of heavily polished or battered areas (Fig. 2:1.2, 3:1.2.5, 4:1.5.9, 6:1–3, 7:1.2, 8:1.2). Marks of this sort are regarded as typically associated with the process of striking fire. The method which most likely caused the blunting of the edges involved striking a flint against a concretion of pyrite or marcasite to produce sparks. Although the observed polish is characteristic for this process to confirm the use of this technique additional use wear analyses are needed. In the context of firemaking methods we cannot overlook the question of the identification of iron firesteels, a tool used in striking fire. Unfortunately, in the past these objects were not recognized in the materials dating to the Late Antiquity. The observation of our material suggests that it is safe to interpret as firesteels some of the iron objects of oblong shape (Fig. 9) found in male graves. They appear to be similar in their form to needle-shaped firesteels of with a large number is has been recorded in Scandinavia and Hungary. The question of the correct interpretation of the discussed group of artefacts requires further study. In addition, an ingot firesteel (Fig. 10) was discovered in one of the graves in the Neyzats cemetery. In any study of archaeological sites from the proto- and early historic period it is essential to take note of the occurrence of lithic artefacts. As the finds assemblage from the Neyzats cemetery has demonstrated they are an extremely interesting but insufficiently recognized source of information useful in the study of the everyday life of a population during a given age. Definitely an important issue in need of resolution is the question of the use in the process of firemaking of a set consisting of a flint and an iron firesteel.
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