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1

Hate Symbols and hand Gestures on Polish Stadiums

100%
Jurczak J.
Internal Security
|
2010
|
vol. 2(2)
59-72
EN
To give a general view on the importance of the problem of football hooliganism, is essential to analyse all the aspect of it, such as criminological, psychological, sociological, as well as preventive one. Unfortunately nowadays one of the most noticeable problems relating to the safety and security of the football game are incidents of racist nature and other extreme behaviour, as well as specific activity of many different hate groups. That is why the main purpose of this article is to analyse the problem of using forbidden symbols, logos and gestures on polish stadiums The main part of this article contains a large amount of information, both graphic and written, about the most popular symbols and hand signs which are used by Neo-Nazist, racist, skinheads and other hate groups in Poland. The results of the research are based on author's observation, which consist of 60 photos taken since 2001 to 2009 on polish stadiums by 'NEVER AGAIN' Association. It is very important for football community and law enforcement agencies to recognize these symbols and what they mean. Through knowledge of hate symbols, police officers may be able to identify hate group members, also to identify individuals who are involved in racist and anti-Semitic incidents.Also please note that the article expresses only personal views of the author.
2

Importance and Limitations of the Leicester Group Theory towards the Comprehension of Delinquent Behaviour of Ultra Groups of Oporto

100%
Seabra D.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
|
2010
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vol. 49
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issue 1
78-84
EN
With this paper and the communication that will be presented, I will produce the results of an investigation about four Ultra groups that support the top three football clubs of Oporto, known in Portugal as claques. I intend to state the main reasons that allow me to consider the Leicester Group theory the best in order to understand the hooliganism and delinquent behaviour of some members of Ultra groups in Oporto. The main points of the theory will be compared with the corresponding empirical data that confirms it. There are 47 neighbourhoods in Oporto, which makes it the Portuguese city with the greatest number of these neighbourhoods. More than 20,000 people - 20% of the population of Oporto - live in this type of well-identified territory in urban space. Quantitative and qualitative data, obtained through participant observation, interviews, life stories and inquiry by questionnaire, reveal the presence of a social configuration that the Leicester Group proposes in order to explain football hooliganism. This data also allows me to confirm that delinquent behaviour and some violence that could be observed in a football context can be seen as a social reproduction of a delinquent course already present in everyday life. The limitations of the Leicester Group theory will also be considered. This investigation has found that these supporters have a strong sense of belonging to their community and to their city, which is also symbolically reproduced in football stadiums. Finally, I will propose the concept of social experience as an adequate concept to study this kind of social phenomenon.
3

Debate on Football Hooliganism in Poland: the Myths, Facts and Psychological Benefits of Social Exclusion

88%
Piotrowski P.
Internal Security
|
2014
|
vol. 6(2)
55-68
EN
The term football (soccer) hooliganism is an umbrella term for describing various types of violations of public order.These occur not only during football matches, but also before and after matches, and while traveling to and from games. The mostcommon forms of negative behavior of soccer fans include: collective fights between rival groups, throwing dangerous objects ontothe pitch, attacking police forces and damage to trains, city buses and trams. The article discusses the facts and myths concerningthe football (soccer) hooligan subculture in Poland and presents football hooligans — mostly young males — as a socially excludedgroup. The author bases his reflections on over 20 years observation of football hooligan groups in Poland and an analysis of pressreports concerning Polish football hooliganism. In contrast to the prevailing view in the literature, the author points to numerouspsychological benefits which result from the stigmatization and exclusion process. Marginalization does not necessarily involvea decrease in the quality of life as perceived subjectively by the individual or the group. The individual may be shielded fromthe perceived sense of the low quality of life that accompanies social exclusion. This occurs as a result of the creation of group bonds,following a comprehensive set of rules of conduct and adherence to the same values. The author emphasizes that it is importantto understand the perception of “football reality” from the hooligans’ perspective and not solely from that of wider society.
4
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Football hooliganism in the countries of the Visegrád Group: cooperation and confrontation

88%
Smolík J.
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
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2017
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vol. 11
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issue 1
51-66
EN
The article deals with the description of football hooligans in the countries of Visegrad Group (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary). Text describes history of this phenomenon in the central Europe in the context of European Football Championships of 2012 and 2016. Particular hooligans’ groups, the basic characteristics, relations and manifestations of these groups are briefly presented. In the final part there are outlined particular actors participating in tackling with football hooligans, including legislative procedures stemming from European Convention. In the conclusion itself there is discussed also police’ cooperation during big football championships.
5
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Przestępczość stadionowa – stara Hydra, nowe głowy

75%
Zimniak R.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
|
2017
|
issue 1(20)
141-158
EN
Football hooliganism is a global, well known phenomenon. Th is article orders most of publicated research upon given matter confronting it with author’s conclusions. The text contains the historical part which clarifies what football hooliganism used to be and how it evolved in the present times. The author emphasises the complexity of social as well as psychological motives of football hooliganism, spectators violence or sports related violence. The conclusion of this paper states that this phenomenon still evolves creating new research areas for criminology, sociology and psychology.
PL
Przestępczość stadionowa/chuligaństwo stadionowe jest zjawiskiem globalnym, nie nowym i dobrze znanym. Artykuł stanowi publikację przeglądową, która porządkuje dotychczasowe wyniki badań w tej materii, konfrontując je z wnioskami autora. Tekst podkreśla historię omawianego zjawiska oraz jego ewolucję w czasach najnowszych. Akcent położony został także na złożoność społeczno-psychologicznego wymiaru chuligaństwa stadionowego. Konkluzją artykułu jest ciągła zmienność zjawiska otwierająca nowe płaszczyzny badań dla kryminologii, socjologii oraz psychologii.
6
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Football Hooliganism as a Socio-Political Phenomenon: Motivation, Manifestations, and Prevention Strategies

63%
Jusko P., Weihe H.-J. W.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia
|
2024
|
vol. 37
|
issue 1
207-216
PL
Chuligaństwo piłkarskie to złożone zjawisko społeczno-polityczne o różnym stopniu występowania i nasileniu w różnych regionach świata. W artykule omówiono wieloaspektowe motywacje, przejawy i strategie zapobiegania chuligaństwu, opierając się na źródłach literackich, dokumentach politycznych, opublikowanych badaniach oraz osobistych doświadczeniach związanych z pracą społeczną i frekwencją na meczach. Artykuł zawiera analizę tematyczną motywacji i przejawów chuligaństwa piłkarskiego od jego historycznych korzeni po jego współczesne przejawy, w tym jego wymiar polityczny i dynamikę komunikacji cyfrowej. Ponadto omówiono strategie zapobiegania i eliminowania chuligaństwa w piłce nożnej, w tym wysiłki na rzecz egzekwowania prawa, środki naprawcze, interwencje społeczne i prewencyjną pracę socjalną. Odnosząc się do wyzwań, jakie stwarza chuligaństwo w piłce nożnej, celem autorów jest przyczynienie się do opracowania skutecznych strategii zwalczania tego problemu społecznego.
EN
Football hooliganism represents a complex socio-political phenomenon with varying degrees of occurrence and severity in different regions worldwide. The article explores the multifaceted motivation, manifestations, and prevention strategies of hooliganism, drawing on literary sources, political documents, published research, and personal experiences in social work and match attendance. From the historical roots of hooliganism to its current manifestations, including its political dimensions and the dynamics of digital communication, the article provides a thematic analysis of the motivation and expressions of football hooliganism. Furthermore, it addresses strategies for the prevention and elimination of football hooliganism, including efforts to enforce laws, corrective measures, community interventions, and preventive social work. By addressing the challenges posed by football hooliganism, the authors aim to contribute to the development of effective strategies to combat this societal issue.
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