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EN
Three fundamental ideas: civil society, the free market and solidarity lay at the root of the concept behind the changes defined as a democratic transformation. These ideas became the underpinning of the founding myth of Polish democracy, an underpinning which proved to be highly liable. Free market mechanisms and the political struggle for power were at the root of the erosion of values linked to the ideals of civil society and solidarity. The notions of mutual recognition and cooperation gave way to fierce competition. Disillusion and frustration plunged Polish democracy into a torrent of resentment. The idea itself of market self-regulation collapsed. Polish democracy found itself in a void, between the extremes of resentment and naïve accession-optimism, activated by the integration program. A deficit of symbolic capital thwarted the creation of a political communication model conducive to opening a genuine debate. Instead, an image-based politics emerged as a substitute of effective communication, representing a swing in activity away from debate and towards gestures and platitudes.
EN
The article demonstrates how different conceptualizations of modernization can lead to very different explanations and conclusions about both the dynamics of democratization and political change in post-communist world. The postwar experience of the communist East has constituted an attempt to overcome un derdevelopment and establish economic and political progress. The specific characteristics of the post-communist transition consist in the fact that we are witnessing not only a political transformation from a totalitarian regime to a pluralistic democracy, but at the same time an economic transformation from a planned command economy to a free market economy in Central and Eastern Europe and a transformation towards a civil society with free associations. In 1995 A. Przeworski noted that the fall of communism in Eastern Europe has been widely interpreted as a triumph of democracy and of capitalism. The new post-communist countries have chosen a strategy of adopting political, economic, and cultural organization already existing elsewhere – democracy, markets, and an individualistic, consumption-oriented culture that dominates the advanced capitalist world. The school of transitology, which was very influential at the time, may have had low expectations concerning the spread of democracy at heart but it also stressed that in the heat of the transition from authoritarianism it was only the political actors’ choices that were of vital importance. Staunchly opposed to this view, the opponents of the transitology approaches argued that the history of the post-communist countries, and the communist legacy, in particular, more or less ruled out a steady movement toward liberal democracy. They claimed, in particular, that a fundamental gap separated at least half of the former communist countries from the West and, by extension, from democracy. In this strategy, modernization becomes synonymous with internationalization: integration into the world economy, combined with an imitation of economic, political, and cul tural patterns prevalent in the advanced capitalist countries. However few politicians fully realized that both democratic institutions and capitalist economies differ in significant ways even among the developed democratic countries. Moreover, those who seek to imitate these countries often forget that there are many cases in which capitalism has failed in generating either prosperity or democracy.
RU
Переведенный том «Политических исследований» посвящен вопросам польской политики после периода трансформации. Мы не решаем сложного и все еще дискутируемого в тематической литературе вопроса, был ли процесс трансформации завершен во всех ее сферах, и можно ли однозначно говорить о политике после периода трансформации или же во многих плоскостях политических отношений имеем дело с неоднородной динамикой трансформационных процессов, и в результате – с неодинаковым уровнем изменений. Настоящий том является результатом продолжения исследований Институтом политических наук Варшавского университета по проблемам периода трансформации. Кроме публикаций, касающихся отдельных аспектов польской трансформации, в Институте были созданы труды, во многих аспектах рассматривающие направления и результаты политических изменений, имевших место в Польше после 1989 года. Особенно, необходимо упомянуть о четырех из них: «Poland: Government and Politics» (1997), «The Political System of Poland» (2007) и изданной в 2008 году работе под названием «Дилеммы польской трансформации», англоязычная версия которой звучит «Dilemma’s of Polish Transformation» (опубликована в 2010 году). Даже если предположить, что Польша 2013 года представляет собой государство, прошедшее трансформацию, остаются вопросы относительно качества и надежности проделанной работы. Тем не менее, сам процесс преобразования от политического режима реального социализма к либеральной демократии в современной ее версии следует признать завершенным. Трансформация государственного устройства Польши характеризовалась индивидуальной спецификой и динамикой развития, которая отличалась от динамики, зафиксированной в остальных посткоммунистических государствах. Эти проблемы были изложены в последней из упомянутых коллективных работ, на них ссылаются также исследования, предлагаемые Вам в данный момент. Переломным событием, подводящим итог происходящих преобразований государственного устройства, было принятие в 1997 году новой конституции. Это произошло позже, чем в большинстве государств региона, но в то же время, с учетом их опыта.
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