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EN
This review-study aims to present a critical exposition of the ground-breaking work in the study of secularisation, Charles Taylor's Secular Age. The study points to the links with Taylor's preceding work, Sources of the Self, which consist above all in the contrast between the porous self and the buffered self. It also presents Taylor's conception of secularisation: secularisation is not the retreat of religion from the public sphere, but the widening of the social process that makes it impossible for one world-view to make claim to a privileged status. The study also focuses on Taylor's rejection of modernity which, in the shape of a scientistic world-view and a universalistic morality understood as the hegemony of exclusively-human categories. In the context of this rejection, the article discusses Taylor's attempt to weaken the "hegemony of the human" by a relation to transcendence.
2
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Fulfillment service in e-commerce logistics

75%
LogForum
|
2017
|
vol. 13
|
issue 4
429-438
EN
Background: The logistics service of e-commerce is usually limited in the literature to the issue of product delivery to customers. However, before goods are sent to the customer, the vendor has to order them from the supplier. Next, they are taken into the warehouse and stored, and after the order has been placed, they are packaged and sent to the customer. These processes are defined in e-commerce as fulfillment. Due to their complexity and time and cost pressure of e-customers, they are more and more often conducted by external operators. Despite the dynamic development of the fulfillment service in e-commerce practice, this still remains a relatively unknown issue in management theory. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the fulfillment service in e-commerce logistics. The author has made an attempt to indicate and define the main models of logistics processes connected with the fulfillment service in e-commerce logistics, their strengths and weaknesses. An additional aim of this paper was to recognize development directions of the market of fulfillment services. Methods: For the needs of the paper research was conducted using the methods of direct observation and analysis of primary and secondary sources. The primary materials included data obtained from companies providing fulfillment services in Poland and abroad, and the secondary ones - reports, studies and Internet sources. In addition, in-depth interviews were performed with representatives of companies that offer fulfillment services or those which are potential bidders. Results: The article characterizes the details of the fulfillment service, whose importance has been increasing in e-commerce logistics. The author has described the division and characteristics of the fulfillment service models and discussed the potential trends in the fulfillment service market. Conclusions: The presented review and characteristics of various implementations of fulfillment services allows to evaluate to what extent logistic processes should and could be delegated to specialized companies in order to focus on the core competencies only. The usage of fulfillment service is useful especially at the phase of the rapid growth of the e-company. It involves, however, also some disadvantages, such as relatively high fees, a lack of physical contact with the goods, a partial loss of control over the process.
PL
Wstęp: Opisywana w literaturze logistyczna obsługa handlu elektronicznego sprowadza się najczęściej do problematyki dostaw produktów do klientów. Zanim jednak towar trafi do klienta, to wcześniej sprzedawca musi go zamówić u swojego dostawcy. Następnie jest on przyjmowany do magazynu i składowany, a po złożeniu zamówienia – kompletowany, pakowany i wysyłany do klienta. Te procesy określa się w e-handlu jako fulfillment. Z uwagi na ich złożoność i presję czasową oraz kosztową e-klientów są one coraz częściej wykonywane przez zewnętrznych operatorów. Mimo dynamicznego rozwoju usługi fulfillment w praktyce e-handlu jest to jeszcze stosunkowo mało rozpoznane zagadnienie w teorii zarządzania. Celem pracy było zaprezentowanie oraz przeanalizowanie usługi fulfillment w obszarze e-logistyki. Autor podjął próbę wskazania i zdefiniowania głównych modeli procesów logistycznych związanych z usługa fulfillment w tym obszarze, ich słabe i mocne strony. Dodatkowych celem pracy było określenie kierunków rozwojowych rynku usług typu fulfillment. Metody: Na potrzeby opracowania przeprowadzono badania metodami obserwacji bezpośredniej i analizy źródeł pierwotnych oraz wtórnych. Do materiałów pierwotnych należały dane uzyskane od firm zajmujących się usługami fulfillment w Polsce i zagranicą, a do wtórnych - raporty, opracowania i źródła internetowe. Dodatkowo wykonano pogłębione wywiady z przedstawicielami firm, które oferują usługi fulfillment lub, które są potencjalnymi oferentami. Wyniki: W artykule szczegółowo opisano usługę fulfillment, która ma coraz większe znaczenie w logistyce e-handlu . Przedstawiono autorski podział i charakterystykę modeli usług fulfillment oraz omówiono potencjalne trendy na rynku usług fulfillment. Wnioski: Przedstawiona prezentacja oraz charakterystyka modeli usług typu fulfillment umożliwia ocenę zakresu oddelegowania procesów logistycznych do specjalistycznych firm zewnętrznych w celu większego skupienia się na działalności podstawowej e-przedsiębiorstwa. Takie podejście, związane z oddelegowaniem części procesów logistycznych na zewnątrz jest szczególnie korzystne w przypadku dynamicznego rozwoju e-przedsiębiorstwa. Wiąże się to jednak z pewnymi wadami, takimi jak: stosunkowo duże opłaty, brak fizycznego kontaktu z towarem, częściowa utrata kontroli na realizowanym procesem.
EN
A starting point of the pedagogy analysed in this paper is the truth about ourselves, Christianity and a communal character of human's existence. Reverend L. Giussani, showing hope in anthropological and theological perspective, shows its true sources that lie in experience, faith, love and desire of good gained with difficulty in which human life finds its fulfilment despite the circumstances. The first step in education towards hope is to show the accidental character of a human being and the deepest desires of his heart. The paper, by discovering the dynamics of the formation of the attitude of Christian hope points at the circumstances that favour and inhibit its origin and development.
EN
The course of history, understood in the perspective of faith, requires its evaluation. The issue is associated with the problem of God’s justice, which will demonstrate itself in the parousia. The parousia is the conclusion of history conceived first of all as history of human liberty. At the same time, it means its fulfillment. During the parousia, history does not merely come to an end, but enters the stadium of fullness that is donated by the God of the end of times. Human history becomes the element of eternity and of its transformed time. One of the aspects of parousia is judgment. It demonstrates God’s justice as victorious in regard to all the threads and events of history which were in contradiction to God’s plan towards creation. Purifying justice of God is realized by Christ as a credible co-participant of history. The Lamb “put to death” becomes the sign of measure of the divine love as well as the price of redemption.
IT
Dal decisivo spostamento della teologica comprensione del mondo inteso soprattutto come una realtà materiale ed una parte dell'opera creatrice di Dio verso la sua interpretazione, quale realtà legata esclusivamente alla storia dell'uomo, risulta che il compimento del mondo non significa più l'inclusione dell'elemento materiale, nel senso tradizionale, nella pienezza della salvezza, bensì piuttosto l'introduzione della dimensione del mondo nel compimento della libertà del soggetto. Data l'importanza del concetto di libertà, il compimento del mondo diventa il compimento dell'opera comune di Dio e dell'uomo, quindi della storia. Le proposte di alcuni teologi, soprattutto di lingua tedesca, hanno provocato numerose voci di critica a riguardo. La polemica è stata rivolta non soltanto contro una manomissione dell'impostazione tradizionale, ma soprattutto, contro un nuovo fenomeno in teologia che comporta un eccessivo antropocentrismo.
PL
Wychodząc z „ewangelickiej” perspektywy teologii reformacji angielskiej artykuł ten odnosi się z uznaniem do teologii prawa zawartej w encyklice Veritatis splendor, w jej implikacjach dla zrozumienia prawa publicznego. Podkreśla zwłaszcza trzy aspekty encykliki: (1) ujęcie prawa jako wewnętrznego wymiaru dynamicznego objawienia się Boga w Jezusie Chrystusie jako Prawdy i Dobra, który zobowiązuje ludzi jako sprawców działania moralnego oraz jest podstawą ich wolności; (2) ukazanie tendencji obecnych we współczesnej filozofii i teologii moralnej, które oderwały prawo i wolność stworzonej i upadłej wspólnoty ludzkiej od historii ich odnowy i udoskonalenia, czemu świadectwo daje Pismo Święte; (3) ukazanie Kościoła jako wspólnoty wiary i uczniów, której Chrystus powierzył objawienie jedności Bożej obietnicy i prawa oraz przekazał Ducha Prawdy i Świętości. Uwydatniając te aspekty, artykuł zwraca również uwagę na słabo rozwinięte zagadnienie prawa jako objawienia Bożego wyroku potępiającego grzesznych ludzi jako sprawców, tak na wewnętrznym forum sumienia, jak i na społecznym forum prawa publicznego. Wskazuje także na pokrewną kwestię Kościoła, który daje świadectwo o zmartwychwstałym Chrystusie przezwyciężającym potępienie płynące z prawa.
XX
From the ‘evangelical’perspective of English Reformation theology, this article considers appreciatively the theology of law in Veritatis Splendor in its implications for understanding public law. It highlights three features of the encyclical: 1. its unfolding of law as an intrinsic dimension of God's dynamic revelation of himself in Jesus Christ as the Truth and the Good who obliges human beings as actors and grounds their freedom; 2. its exposing of tendencies in contemporary moral philosophy and theology which have severed the law and freedom of created and fallen human community from the history of their perfecting renewal witnessed in the Scriptures; 3. its portrayal of the church as the community of faith and discipleship, to whom Christ has entrusted the `showing forth' of God's promise and law in their unity, and imparted the Spirit of Truth and Holiness. In highlighting these features, the article also draws attention to the under-developed theme of law as the revelation of God's condemning judgment on sinful human actors, both in the internal forum of the conscience and the social forum of public law, and the corresponding theme of the church's witness to the risen Christ's overcoming of the law's condemnation.
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