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INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF GENDER EQUALITY POLITICS AND CURRENT GENDER GAPS IN THE BALTIC STATES

100%
Kublickiene L., Zvinkliene A.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2018
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issue 1
15-32
EN
The common reference to the Baltic States as a single geopolitical entity conceals the actual differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article aims to outline the principal similarities and differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the field of gender equality politics developed within gender mainstreaming approach in attempt to better understanding of the current gender gaps in these countries. The research focuses on how national gender equality machineries were (re)constructed in accordance with international commitments to the UN and the EU after the restoration of independence in the Baltic States. It is demonstrated that differences between the Baltic States in the institutionalization of the contemporary structure of gender equality machinery were overcome once they became EU members. The current outcomes of gender equality politics are described on the basis of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017. The empirical data are provided for three Baltic States by analysing their gender gaps in four spheres – Economic participation and opportunity, Education attainment, Political empowerment and Health and survival. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, the Baltic States are among the EU Member States with the average / slightly above-average gender equality. The article argues that confirmation of the institutionalization of the contemporary gender equality machinery, the content of national governmental activities and the predominant relationship model with civil society in the Baltic States indicate that gender mainstreaming is likely yet another and the most recent social policy tool for the management of human resources. Thus, Latvia usually demonstrates a minimal attachment to gender mainstreaming. Moreover, Latvia has regressed somewhat in this respect in 2013. However, current Latvia can be considered as having more equality than Lithuania and Estonia. Among all countries participated in the research in 2017, Latvia ranks 10th, Lithuania, accordingly, 12th, and Estonia, accordingly, 16th. The case of Latvia levering the rank up due to positive trends in closing gender gaps in both Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes confirms an assumption that rather social changes related to national demographical and economic development than merely technocratic sophistication of gender equality politics has a profound impact on current statistical indexes related to gender equality.
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‘It’s all for girls’: re-visiting the gender gap in New Age spiritualities

100%
Trzebiatowska M., Bruce S.
Studia Religiologica
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2013
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vol. 46
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issue 1
17–33
EN
Women’s disproportionate involvement in religion has been the subject of debate in the sociology of religion for some time. In particular, the gender gap in New Age spiritualities appears considerably greater than that found in the congregational sphere of mainstream religion. This article argues that there is nothing in being a woman per se that may attract an individual to certain spiritual activities but rather, that it is the elective affinity between women as a group and such activities that creates the impression of a direct appeal. Much of the holistic spirituality milieu is designed by women for women, not least the most popular elements concerned with healing and well-being. It is therefore possible that the initial gap between men and women is small but it becomes subsequently reinforced and widened due to the gendered nature of alternative spirituality courses, workshops and treatments.
3
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The Gender Gap in Political Knowledge in Poland

88%
Kunovich R. M., Kunovich S.
Polish Sociological Review
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2016
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vol. 193
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issue 1
33-48
EN
This paper utilizes nationally representative survey data to examine the gender gap in political knowledge in Poland. Political knowledge was assessed by asking respondents to indicate whether each of twelve national political parties was currently in the ruling coalition. We use motivation, ability, and opportunity to explain political knowledge. We predict answering ‘don’t know’ as well as answering all questions correctly. Political interest, educational attainment, previous voting behavior, having children, and age predict ‘don’t know’ responses for men and women. Having access to cable or satellite TV appears to reduce ‘don’t know’ responses, but only for men. All else being equal, men and women are equally likely to answer ‘don’t know.’ Political interest, educational attainment, previous voting behavior, age, and self-esteem predict perfect scores for women and men. Religious attendance increases perfect scores, but only for women. The gender gap in perfect scores remains significant despite controls.
4
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Intersectionality of ethnicity and gender: exploring Romani women’s performance in education

75%
Cukrowska-Torzewska E.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
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2014
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issue 36
51-89
EN
This paper examines Romani women multiple disadvantage in education. Three main educational outcomes are analyzed: obtaining secondary or higher education, dropping out from the school and having an ability to read and write. The empirical analysis is based on the data coming from two unique datasets on Roma carried out by the UNDP, i.e. 2004 UNDP Regional Roma Survey and 2011 UNDP/ WB/EC regional survey on Roma communities. The results show that variables measuring family background are the key observable factors that explain ethnic gaps in education. On contrary, the gender gaps in education - both among Roma and non-Roma – cannot be explained by the differences in men’s and women’s characteristics and may be attributed to other unobservable factors such as cultural customs and values. The comparison of the existing gaps over 2004- 2011 reveals that some progress in terms of educational performance of Roma has been achieved. Similar patterns are however found for Romani women and men, leaving Romani women still in a more disadvantaged position.
5
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Feminization, But How? The Role of Women in the Polish Public Relations Industry Based on Quantitative Research

71%
Szuba P., Tworzydło D., Gizicka D.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2023
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vol. 51
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issue 4
145-170
EN
The article, besides offering a literature search of the current situation of women in the labor market, covers research topics on gender structure in the public relations sector in Poland. It covers the demographic and employment data of 1,789 PR professionals, aggregated and statistically analyzed. The data come from several research projects conducted by the authors between 2017 and 2023. Women constituted nearly 2/3 of the respondents. The article proves that women are the dominant gender when it comes to employment in PR. As to the overall employment structure, the sector is subject to feminization. However, its high level is not reflected in the management structure, where women play a much lower role than men (22% vs. 33%). This, in turn, raises questions about the applicable principles of gender equality, diversity and inclusion, and contributes to an analysis of the level of experience of the PR professional community. The article develops a mediation model with which the authors try to clarify the relationship between position, work experience, and gender.
PL
Artykuł – oprócz kwerendy literatury w kontekście aktualnej sytuacji kobiet na rynku pracy ze szczególnym uwzględnieniu branży PR – obejmuje zagadnienia badawcze dotyczące struktury płci w branży public relations w Polsce wraz z analizą czynników warunkujących sytuację wyjściową. Jednostką analizy są dane demograficzno-zawodowe 1789 specjalistów ds. PR, które zostały zagregowane i poddane analizie statystycznej. Dane pochodzą z kilku projektów badawczych realizowanych przez autorów w latach 2017-2023. Kobiety stanowią w nich blisko 2/3 badanych, czyli jest to dominująca płeć, jeśli chodzi o zatrudnienie w branży PR. Dlatego w ujęciu ogólnej struktury zatrudnienia mamy do czynienia ze zjawiskiem feminizacji branżowej. Jednakże wysoki poziom sfeminizowania nie przekłada się na strukturę zarządczą. W tym wymiarze kobiety odgrywają już znacznie mniejsza rolę niż mężczyźni (22% względem 33%). To z kolei rodzi pytania o obowiązujące zasady równości płci, różnorodności i integracji, a także jest przyczynkiem do analizy poziomu doświadczenia środowiska zawodowego PR. W artykule opracowany został model mediacyjny, za pomocą którego autorzy starali się wyjaśnić zależności pomiędzy zajmowanym stanowiskiem, doświadczeniem zawodowym i płcią.
6

Gender equality and innovation – towards sustainable development and social innovation using the example of activities undertaken by the European Union

51%
Kwieciński L.
Przegląd Europejski
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2022
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issue 4(66)
11-28
EN
The main aim of the article is to analyse the importance of gender equality in the context of implementing social innovations and the principles of sustainable development. These processes will be shown in the context of activities undertaken at the European level and by European institutions. The main research problem of the article is to present arguments relating to the growing importance of the concept of sustainable development and social innovation, for which social order and gender equality are of key importance. Such identification of the concept of sustainable socio-economic development with social order and gender equality in the creation of contemporary innovations can be analysed in a scientific perspective with the functional theory of social change by A.R. Redcliffe-Brown and B. Malinowski. On the other hand, in practical terms it is entwined with all types of activities, strategies or programmes undertaken and implemented in the pragmatics of European Union activities (eg. Commission Work Programme 2020 “A Union that strives for more”, the Ljubljana Declaration, the Horizon Europe Programme, including "Women TechEU"). The author uses both traditional research methods as a middle-order system analysis and institutional-legal method, as well as new methods, including sociological neoinstitutionalism and network analysis. The research techniques used in the analysis are mainly quantitative techniques, i.e. desk research or analysis of existing data from databases “She Figures”, GEM, Statista.com.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza znaczenia równości płci w kontekście wdrażania innowacji społecznych i zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. Owe procesy zostaną ukazane w kontekście działań podejmowanych na poziomie europejskim oraz przez instytucje europejskie. Głównym problemem badawczym artykułu jest przedstawienie argumentów odnoszących się do wzrastającego znaczenia koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju i innowacji społecznych, dla których to ład społeczny i równość płci mają kluczowe znaczenie. Takie utożsamienie koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego z ładem społecznym i równością płci w kreowaniu współczesnych innowacji można zbadać w ujęciu naukowym na podstawie funkcjonalnej teorii zmiany społecznej A.R. Redcliffe-Browna i B. Malinowskiego. Natomiast w ujęciu praktycznym – z wszelkiego typu działaniami, strategiami czy programami podejmowanymi i realizowanymi w pragmatyce działań Unii Europejskiej (np. Program roboczy KE „Unia, która mierzy wyżej”, Deklaracja z Lublany, Program „Horyzont Europa”, w tym „Women TechEU”). W odniesieniu do metod badawczych, w artykule wykorzystano tradycyjne metody badawcze (jak analiza systemowa średniego rzędu oraz metoda instytucjonalno-prawna), a także nowe metody, w tym neoinstytucjonalizm socjologiczny oraz analiza sieci. Technikami badawczymi, jakimi posłużono się w analizie, są głównie techniki ilościowe, tj. analiza typu desk research czy analiza danych zastanych, zawartych w bazach „She Figures”, GEM, Statista.com.
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