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  1. 3 Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies

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1
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Krytyka ideału honnêteté na tle nowoczesnych poglądów Poulaina de la Barre

100%
Malinowska M.
Acta Philologica
|
2014
|
issue 45
150-156
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia krytykę ideału honnêteté dokonaną w latach 70. XVII wieku przez francuskiego filozofa François Poulaina de la Barre. W tym celu autorka przybliża znaczenie i ewolucję ideału honnête homme, który stanowił prototyp kobiecego odpowiednika honnête femme. Analiza wybranych podręczników dobrych manier pokazuje jak na przestrzeni XVII wieku różni autorzy postrzegali ów ideał. Dla większości z nich miała to być droga prowadząca kobietę i mężczyznę do ogłady towarzyskiej oraz do rozwoju intelektualnego w ramach wyznaczonego miejsca dla każdej płci. Dla François Poulaina de la Barre, idea honnêteté ograniczała przede wszystkim kobietę, gdyż podporządkowywała ją męskiej tyranii.
2

Representations of Femininity in Seventeenth Century Conduct Manuals for Gentlemen

80%
Biscetti S.
Gender Studies
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2012
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vol. 11
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issue 1
160-171
EN
This paper investigates conceptual representations of women in 17th century conduct manuals for gentlemen published in England before and after the Civil War. The aim is to see whether the socio-cultural transformations produced by the Revolution are reflected in the metaphorical expressions referring to the female sex in a highly conservative textual genre
3
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Invitation to the Waltz: Dance Hall, Transgressions, and Women in Inter-War Britain

80%
Bonnerjee S.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
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2015
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issue 24/1
109-117
EN
The dance hall in Britain had always served as the best place for women to meet available men. During the First World War, three million men had died in the battlefields, which created a gross imbalance between the men-women ratio. However Barbara Cartland remembered her contemporaries who “reddened their lips and [went] out to dance when all they loved most [had] been lost” (1942). After the Battle of Somme, hostesses changed their invitations from “Miss–“ to “Miss– and partner,” implying that women would have to bring their own partners. Hence in the dance halls and clubs, traditional gender roles and rules of courtship had been reversed: instead of men courting women, women were now hankering after the few available men. On the other hand, at the Cafe Royal, the Ham Bone Club, and the Cave of Harmony, homosexual women could dance together unafraid, as the dearth of men provided the perfect alibi. In this paper I will examine how dance halls and dance clubs became spatial sites of transgression to prescribed gender roles; how these transgressions led to the blurring of class distinctions; the perception of the problem of homosexuality as arising from the dearth of men; and above all the enacting of gender as performance. To this end, I will refer to Rosamond Lehmann’s Invitation to the Waltz (1932) and Robert Graves’s and Alan Hodge’s The Long Week-End (1941).
4

Edibles and Other Offerings to Readers: The Politics of Gender and Food in Narrative Fiction

80%
Colăcel O.
Messages, Sages and Ages
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2016
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vol. 3
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issue 2
70-74
EN
From the perspective of an apparently absent author, the rhetorical commonplaces of womanhood and nourishment are mentioned in the novels of Margaret Atwood, The Edible Woman (1969), and of Jillian Medoff, Hunger Point (2002). Although traditionally relegated to contextualizing devices, the unfolding of events makes a riddle out of cooking and eating for the purpose of dramatic effect. Reporting on what might come across as domestic chores points to the topicality of food intake as well as to all the drama eating disorders entail. In the background of events, the ‘whodunit’ and the ‘kitchen sink drama’ come together into one unlikely story. The benefits of hindsight make it possible to argue that celebrated feminist novels of the past century, i.e. The Edible Woman, provided later 21st century fiction, i.e. Hunger Point, with something more than narrative emphasis on binary gender relations. I find that the gender-roles debate, as recorded in Atwood’s work, gained enough cultural momentum to prove the ready availability of the image of the nurturing female throughout the 20th century and beyond. As far as feminist fictions are concerned, over/under-feeding is always somewhere in the background, if not what drives the plot forward. Commonly, distress among fictional characters, mostly women, is linked to body weight and dieting in ways that threaten to relegate, possibly once and for good, the notions of women and food to the realm of melodrama, as it is the case with Hunger point.
5
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Does human sexual dimorphism influence fracture frequency, types and distribution?

80%
Nielsen J.
Anthropological Review
|
2011
1-11
EN
This study explores the hypothesis that the pattern of gender inequality in a community influences the frequency, patterns and distribution of fractures. As it is not possible to read gender relations from skeletons, it is - following several research results - assumed that the level of gender inequality is reflected in sexual dimorphism. Thus the study design consists in correlating a measure of sexual dimorphism with measures of frequencies, patterns and distribution of skeletal trauma between the two sexes. Nearly two hundreds individuals from two medieval Danish cemeteries have been examined (43 females/48 males from Jutland and 46 females/49 males from Funen). Sexual dimorphism was assessed by means of measurements on the pelvis and, in accordance with conventional wisdom, the level of sexual dimorphism was found to be lower in the Funen than in the Jutland sample. The fracture frequencies, patterns and distribution were estimated for the two skeletal samples. No significant difference between the fracture frequencies or types on the two sites was found, but the distribution of fractures between the sexes in Ribe was found to be significantly different. The study indicates a level of relationship between human sexual dimorphism, gender roles, and the distribution of fractures between the sexes. Studies of larger samples will help clarify this.
PL
W pracy poddano testowaniu hipotezę, że niejednakowy status obu płci w danej grupie ludzkiej odzwierciedla się w częstościach, rodzaju uszkodzeń i ich rozmieszczeniu na kościach mężczyzn i kobiet. Chociaż nie można orzekać o relacjach płci w społeczeństwie na podstawie materiałów szkieletowych, wyniki niektórych badań sugerują, że poziom nierówności płciowych znajduje odzwierciedlenie w dymorfizmie płciowym. W pracy postanowiono zbadać korelację między stopniem wyrażenia dymorfizmu płciowego a częstością i rodzajem przyżyciowych uszkodzeń na szkieletach.Zbadano szkielety około 200 osobników z dwóch średniowiecznych cmentarzysk duńskich (rys. 1 wyjaśnia sposób datowania materiałów z tych cmentarzysk) - 50 męskich i 50 żeńskich z Jutlandii i tyleż z Fionii. Oznaczenia płci wykonano na podstawie czaszek, miednic i kości szkieletu pozaczaszkowego. Za najpewniejsze uznano oznaczenia płci na miednicach. Wiek osobników określano na postawie wielu cech osteologicznych. Ponieważ dymorfizm płciowy stanowił główny problem pracy, osobniki z nieskostniałym chrząstkozrostem klinowo-potylicznym oraz takie u których linie nasadowe wskazywały na wiek poniżej 16 lat, zostały z opracowania wyłączone. Ostatecznie więc na materiał z Odense (Fionia) składało się 91 osobników (43 K i 48 M), a z Ribe (Jutlandia) 95 (46 K i 49 M); rozkłady wieku w tab. 1. Dymorfizm płciowy oceniano na podstawie pomiarów miednicy i - zgodnie z przewidywaniem - okazał się on większy w serii z Jutlandii niż z Fionii.Wszystkie szkielety z obu stanowisk zbadano pod względem śladów urazów powstałych przed lub w związku ze śmiercią, a dane wprowadzono do arkusza Excela, by poddać je dalszej analizie statystycznej (szczególne przypadki pokazano na rys. 2-4). Częstości urazów ich rodzaj i rozmieszczenie porównano między płciami w obu seriach szkieletowych (tab. 2). Wyniki ocen statystycznych nie wykazują istotnych różnic między stanowiskami, natomiast rozmieszczenie urazów u obu płci w serii z Ribe okazało się istotnie różne.Wyniki przedstawionego opracowania sugerują, że choć dymorfizm płciowy nie wpływa na częstość urazów oraz ich rodzaj, to różnicuje rozmieszczenie ich u mężczyzn i u kobiet. Problem ten wymaga dalszych badań.
6
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Dlaczego mężczyzna się żeni, a kobieta wychodzi za mąż? (zarys ewolucji pola semantycznego leksemu małżeństwo w języku polskim)

80%
Siatkowska E.
|
2013
|
vol. 48
EN
The evolution of semantic field of marriageBased on historical and linguistic material, the article presents the evolution of marriage as institution in Poland from the pagan age until the present day, focusing above all on the function of gender roles ascribed to man and woman in this context. A recent rapid increase in changes can be observed in the Polish language. Some elements of vocabulary semantically associated with marriage have fallen into oblivion; some have been preserved as so-called “historical archaisms”, i.e. words commonly known yet not used; others have changed their meaning or emotional tone (sometimes both). Words of unaltered meaning (alterations in the form were left unexamined as they are not significant for the problems discussed in the article) are relatively few. A study of their environmental and generational frequency both in the past and at present should be conducted, impossible to be included in the article. The article is limited to the presentation of facts, leaving the assessment thereof to the readers.
7
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Buovo d’Antona fra originale veneziano e suo adattamento yiddish: la narrazione cavalleresca veicolo delle ideologie

71%
Artico D.
Romanica Silesiana
|
2020
|
vol. 17
43-54
EN
The paper contains some partial findings of a comparative research on the chivalry romance Buovo d’Antona as printed in Bologna and in Venice in the 1480s in a number of different, yet quite similar one to another, incunables; and its ottava rima adaptation in yiddish-taytsh, made by Elye Bokher (Elia Levita) in Padua around 1507, and then published as Bovo-Buch in Isny, Württemberg, as late as 1541. Respectively, the narratives implicitly deliver two different ideologies, meant as consequent sets of socially shared convictions about the good living. In particular, the place of women in society and the family, or better said, the male representation thereof, substantially differs in the Yiddish adaptation compared to the Venetian original.
8
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THERE IS NO DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN GIRLS AND BOYS!

70%
DEMIRAL S.
Society Register
|
2019
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vol. 3
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issue 4
137-156
EN
This paper refers to a selected fragmant, which is about children’s gendered behaviours and children’s thoughts on gender issue, of an ethnographic study on children’s subjectivitation processes through digital technologies. For this whole study, philosophy for children approach was used as a technique to conduct focus group interviews with children in a periodical basis. The selected parts for this paper are based on three different sections of those interviews; first one is about children’s opinions on gender roles, referring to gendered occupations and plays for kids, the second one is also conducted to reveal the hidden discourses on gender in real society and virtual world which has been built on the existed world, and lastly adult-children hierarchical relations, was debated with children in order to connect this distinction to gender differences, will be mentioned. 
9
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Diverging paths among Central Eastern European mothers? The degree of incongruity between employment preferences and their actual experiences (1994-2012)

70%
García-Faroldi L.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2021
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vol. 57
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issue 6
707-736
EN
This paper examines the congruity between mothers' preferences and actual experiences when raising preschool children, using data on mothers of reproductive ages (18–49) from the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) (1994, 2002, and 2012). The findings show that (i) with one exception, in all the countries and years, mothers whose preferences were congruent with their actual employment statuses outnumbered those whose preferences and employment statuses were incongruent; (ii) whereas Czech mothers improved their situations during the period (the congruity increases), Polish mothers - who began the period with the highest congruity - experienced a decrease in congruity, while Hungarian mothers showed the lowest congruity and saw a slight improvement in their situations (they achieved more congruity); and (iii) women who had their children during the communist regimes were more likely to experience incongruity because they worked more than they desired to, while women who became mothers during the post-communist period were more likely to experience congruity when they stayed at home, but they were also more likely to experience incongruity because they were inactive and considered working desirable. Therefore, the results confirm similar trends and diverging paths among the three countries. The high degree of incongruity between preferences and actual experiences is a sign of the problems faced by mothers attempting to reconcile work and family life and also impacts other phenomena, such as female employment, gender equality and fertility.
10
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Does the Culture of Honor do well in Poland?

70%
Zdybek P. M., Walczak R. B.
Family Forum
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2019
|
vol. 9
113-130
EN
This paper deals with the issue of honor culture in Poland. In a traditional honor culture, honorable men should be sensitive to situations where their honor is defiled. They should also be ready to defend their good name (Cohen and Nisbett, 1997), even if it means using violence. In such a culture women cannot actively defend their honor. The authors checked the gender role differences (both in actor and observer perspective) in attitudes towards honorable behaviors. The paper presents two experiments, analyzed with repeated ANOVA measures. In the first study, which is a replication of the research conducted by Szmajke (1999), men and women (N=156) evaluated a letter written by an "honorable" killer and a "dishonorable" thief (in two gender versions). The second study (N=146) replicated the results of the first one.The results confirm the traditional concept of the culture of honor as a permission for aggression used by men to defend their good name, in the eyes of both women and men. The use of violence by women in an analogues situation is evaluated negatively by both genders. Results shows that the general gender roles in Polish culture of honor keeps men as active user of violence to respond for the provacation. Women are not allowed to active violent defend of their honor.
11

Cinderella’s Ashes - New Women, Old Fairytales

70%
Filimon E. C.
Romanian Journal of English Studies
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2012
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vol. 9
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issue 1
131-137
EN
This paper brings into focus the feminine qualities that heroines in Western fairy tales possess, as well as the roles they traditionally perform. The heroines are either rewarded or punished in accordance to how well they fit the feminine pattern, while the association of femininity with the female clearly indicates the social impact of gender ideology. Two variations on the Cinderella story will illustrate how feminist revisions of fairytales upset this rigid division.
12
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Seeing the Spider: The Jealous Rage of Exchange in The Winter’s Tale and Othello

70%
Innes P.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
|
2016
|
issue 25/3
69-80
EN
A venerable critical tradition has long flavoured the reception of Shakespeare’s plays with psychology. Characters are read as real people, and as a consequence, the plays are analysed from the starting point of an individual character’s inward personality. However, this literary reading of the plays fails to take into account not only the performance of character on the Renaissance stage but also the theatrical culture that predetermines forms of characterisation for that audience. The playing of roles within this drama needs to be continually re-investigated, and in the case of The Winter’s Tale and Othello, fully reimagined. The conventional ascription of the plot development entirely to the jealousy of both Leontes and Othello can accordingly be reworked. The modern obsession with psychology obscures a field of semantic forces that goes well beyond the purview of any individual to a social encoding of possible behaviours. This restores multiple potentialities to the plays in performance, freeing them from a narrow insistence that meaning is rooted entirely in the individual. This in turn provides a context for deeper analysis of gender roles and how they intersect with the impetus generated by patriarchal modes of inheritance.
13

Unemployed, employed & care-giving mothers: Quality of partner & family relations

70%
Wyrobková A., Okrajek P.
Human Affairs
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2014
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vol. 24
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issue 3
376-395
EN
A retrospective ELSPAC study (N = 2756) compared three groups of mothers of three-year-old children: 1) employed, 2) voluntarily unemployed, and 3) involuntarily unemployed, about the quality of their partnership and family relationships. The results show that the involuntarily unemployed mothers have the lowest quality of family life. In these families there is more conflict, disagreement and hostile communication towards the woman and child. Employed mothers also experience some family problems. Overall, those most satisfied with their family lives are the voluntarily unemployed mothers. There is more positive communication between partners, including sharing and intimacy in this group. The results were interpreted as stemming from the distress caused by involuntary unemployment, the double burden of the female role and gender role models in the family.
14
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The elusiveness of progressive masculinity: Gender differences in conceptualizations of nontraditional gender roles

70%
Calton J. M., Heesacker M., Perrin P. B.
Journal of Gender and Power
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2014
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vol. 2
37-58
EN
Traditional masculinity has been thoroughly explored in psychological research, but its counterpart, progressive masculinity, has undergone relatively little scientific investigation. To determine whether this lack of attention to or understanding of progressive masculinity is mirrored more largely in mainstream culture, we examined how men and women conceptualize and experience gender roles in their everyday lives. Participants were randomly assigned to describe a time in which they had behaved either traditionally or progressively with regard to their gender. Over 80% of men and women in the traditional condition and women in the progressive condition provided condition-appropriate examples. However, men in the progressive condition only provided progressive examples 17% of the time, suggesting that many men may not have an understanding of progressive masculinity. Additional themes, implications, and directions for research on progressive masculinity are discussed.
15

Family Business as a Career Opportunity for Women

70%
Vadnjal J., Zupan B.
South East European Journal of Economics and Business
|
2011
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vol. 6
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issue 2
23-32
EN
Women as managers and/or key people in family businesses are explored in this paper. Although recognized as generally very important players, the role of women is often defined as invisible in making important business decisions, supportive in traditionally men's business domains and is rarely adequately recognized and rewarded. Regardless, women find working for family businesses attractive and rewarding. We explore the differences in the views of men and women on issues in managing a small family-run business. Their attitudes on the roles of women, and general managerial and ownership issues, are surveyed. The findings support the paradigm of a feminine style of management and we pose the question whether businesses would be managed very differently if they were run by women.
16
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Gender roles of Polish female emigrants and their paths of self-realization in relation to work-life balance policy

70%
Zalewska-Łunkiewicz K., Zygmunt A.
Political Preferences
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2018
|
issue 20
59-82
EN
A numerous previous reports on Polish women’s emigration provided information on their passive role in the decision making process concerning leaving Poland, obtaining employment predominantly in the sector of household services or their marriage-oriented strategy of survival in the foreign country. The current picture of women’s roles in emigration has been changed. The purpose of the presented research was to explore the paths of self-realization of Polish female emigrants regarding the gender roles realised by them in the field of the work-life balance idea. The research was conducted in psycho-sociological approach. There were 113 adult Polish female emigrants, who had spent a period of time exceeding one year on emigration in Europe, North America, Australia and Asia admitted to the research. This project was realised on the basis of quantitative data gathered throughout online survey and supplemented by qualitative data in the shape of 15 semi-structured interviews. The obtained results showed that the examined Polish women declare to undertake gender roles compliant with the new cultural model, and to lesser extent compliant to the traditional one. They demonstrated proactiveness in the phase of decision-making about emigration and as they attempted to combine their family life with the professional sphere in the country they have arrived in what corresponds with the WLB idea promoted in developed countries.
17
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Genderové aspekty rozvodovosti. Co může studium rozvodu nabídnout teoreticky zaměřené sociologii rodiny?

70%
Fučík P.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
|
2016
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vol. 52
|
issue 4
557-580
EN
This review article maps a specific area of divorce research, which is important, but almost uncited in Czech sociology of the family: the connection between divorce and gender. It shows that although the concept of gender is implicitly embedded in the social phenomenon of divorce, the majority of empirical research on divorce conceptualises gender only as differences in the behaviour of men and women. This approach can be useful for explaining the gender structure of the causes and consequences of divorce. Here more attention is given to studies that explicitly mention the concept of gender at the structural, institutional, and interactional levels. It reviews the literature on gender as part of the institutional environment, and in this context it introduces the perspectives on changing gender roles as a factor influencing divorce and the literature mapping the potential of divorce to change the gender order of society. These theoretical perspectives are relatively rare in the divorce literature; therefore, it is useful to provide Czech readers with a review of some inspiring conceptualisations and put them in the context of knowledge about divorce in the Czech Republic.
18
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Beyond Viagra: Sex Therapy in Poland

70%
Kościańska A.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
|
2014
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vol. 50
|
issue 6
919-938
EN
In the 1970s and 1980s, Poland, like most other countries in the region, provided not only unlimited access to abortion and contraceptives, but also a liberal sex education. This period moreover constituted a golden age in sexology in the country. Sexual science developed as a holistic discipline, embracing achievements in medicine, psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, history, and religious studies, providing recourses for sex education and therapy. Sexuality was perceived as multidimensional and embedded in relationships, culture, economy, and society at large. This approach was fundamentally different from the biomedical model, which started to develop rapidly in the United States after Masters and Johnson’s publication of Human Sexual Response in 1966. Contemporary feminist critics like Leonore Tiefer point out that Masters and Johnson’s approach initiated the process of biomedicalisation and commodification of sexuality and led to the domination of pharmaceutical industries in sex therapy. Meanwhile, owing to the given political and economic context, socialist sexual science was not tied to the market and remained holistic until the advent of capitalism in the 1990s. Along with the invention of Viagra, the free market significantly reshaped the field of sex therapy, giving priority to pharmacotherapy, promoting new sexual dysfunctions, and marginalising other forms of treatment. Nevertheless, Polish sexology was not fully transformed. It proved surprisingly resilient to the influence of pharmaceutical industries and the holistic approach to sex therapy remains highly valued and often practised; pharmacotherapy is perceived as insufficient and sexual dysfunctions, including erectile dysfunctions, are frequently treated using psychotherapy, which takes into account not only psychological but also social, economic and cultural issues. This article is based on the author’s ethnographic and archival research on the development of Polish sexology since the 1970s. She focuses on the relationship between sexuality, socialism, and capitalism and shows that an analysis of socialist sexology sheds light on the nature of the contemporary hegemonic understating of sexuality and sex therapy.
19
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Stereotypical Negative Female Gender Roles in Digital Games

70%
Baltezarević B., Baltezarević R., Baltezarević V., Kwiatek P., Baltezarević I.
Acta Ludologica
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2021
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vol. 4
|
issue 2
42-61
EN
Digital games represent a new media form dominated by men, either as characters or as players. The perception of digital games as ‘Boys’ Fun’ has been denied by the latest research that points to the fact that women are increasingly accessing this medium. But the analysis of digital games shows that gender roles appear in this media as real-world stereotypes. It means that there is discrimination against women who often have a passive role, whether they appear as victims or as sexual objects. When they are not damsels in distress helplessly awaiting their saviour or playing heroines, then, they are most often portrayed as rebellious beauties with oversized dimensions. The subject of this paper is female representation in digital games. Authors used content analysis of 30 digital games with female protagonists, published at J Station, to examine the female gender roles in such digital games. The aim of the empirical study is to demonstrate that the elements of gender discrimination are present in digital games and that they can lead to the creation of harmful stereotypes against women.
20
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Parents’ Opinion on some Myths about Parenting in the Context of their own Upbringing and Social Expectations

70%
Petani R., Jurina H.
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
|
2022
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vol. 12
|
issue 2
177-199
EN
The aim of this research was to investigate the opinions of parents at different stages of parenthood, about the myths of authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting in the context of their own upbringing and social expectations. Considering the influence of one’s own parents, the way of growing up and the influence of wider society and social norms, the initial assumption of the research was that the way of growing up, as a family factor and social norms, as a social factor, define parents’ opinions on myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting. Twelve respondents participated in the research; a qualitative method of semi-structured interview was used. The results of the research showed that family factors,  such as the way of growing up and the parenting style, but also social factors such as the social environment and media, influence parents’ opinions of myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting. Also, it was found that parents differ in their opinions on the myths about authoritarian parenting and gender stereotypes in parenting, depending on the stage of parenthood they are currently in.
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