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Na cestě k obecným dějinám: Josef Polišenský (1915–2001)

100%

Křížová M.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2016

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vol. 114

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issue 2

446-467

EN

The article remembers life and career of Josef Polišenský, a prominent representative of the post-war generation of Czechoslovak historians, of Marxist orientation, but at the same time of great openness towards methodological and thematic inspirations from the East as well as the West. Ever since his university studies (in the 1930s) he showed interest in the widest context of historical processes, together with linguistic capabilities. However, general history was marginalized in Czechoslovak academia, not only as an effect of the perceived “patriotic duty” of historians study the history of their nation, but also because of the lack of access to archival sources. This was true even before the year 1948; after that, the possibilities for research abroad constricted even further. The solution Polišenský suggested was to turn into domestic archival funds and search here for sources into the history of other lands and peoples. These sources were then also to be made accessible by scholars from other countries through editions and translations to help them explain the possible “blank spaces” in their national histories. These efforts, however, were halted by political pressures that finally forced Polišenský to leave the Department of General History. In 1967 he instigated the foundation of the interdisciplinary Center for Ibero-American studies within the frame of the Faculty of Arts of the Charles University, the first specialized Latin American studies department in Eastern Europe outside Moscow, and became its director. In this role, he continued pursuing further his idea of the study of general history, combining minacious case studies with broad overviews.

2

Aleksander Gieysztor i Gerard Labuda jako badacze historii powszechnej

72%

Pysiak J.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2021

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issue 3 (30)

211-244

EN

In concordance with the scholarly profile of the Warsaw historiographical school of the time, Aleksander Gieysztor’s early research, which begun in the 1930s. was devoted to the Carolingian monarchy and the origins of the crusade movement. It was not until after the Second World War that Gieysztor turned his attention to the Slavic studies, conducted from the very beginning by the Poznań historiographical school, to which Gerard Labuda remained faithful throughout his research career. Labuda was primarily interested in Western Slavdom, the origins of Slavic states (Samo’s Empire) and the political and legal aspects of the functioning of early states in Central Europe. Aleksander Gieysztor’s studies on Slavic Europe focused mainly on early medieval Rus’ and on comparative research confronting the phenomena of the history of culture and the history of state and social institutions in Central and Eastern Europe with analogous phenomena and processes known from Carolingian and post-Carolingian Europe.

3

Český historický ústav v Římě v letech 2015-2022

72%

Pánek J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2023

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vol. 121

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issue 3

923-961

EN

The outline of the development and activities of the Czech Historical Institute in Rome in the period 2015–2022 builds on the previous analysis concerning the years 2008–2014 (ČČH / The Czech Historical Review 113, 2015, pp. 244–276). It deals with the major positive changes in the infrastructure of the Institute, housed in the Czech Pontifical College Nepomucenum, which took place during the reconstruction of this Neo-Renaissance building, and the problems brought about by the closure of research institutions in Italy during the Covid-19 pandemic. The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the basic spheres of research activity of the Institute and its fellows: lectures, conferences and presentations, publication of the Institute‘s periodical (Bollettino dell’Istituto Storico Ceco di Roma), book series (Biblioteca dell’Istituto Storico Ceco di Roma, Acta Romana Bohemica) and critical editions of archival sources and catalogues of manuscripts (also a newly established series Codices manuscripti Bohemici bibliothecarum Vaticanarum et Italicarum). It provides detailed commentary on monographs and selected studies on ecclesiastical, political, economic and cultural history with topics ranging from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. It highlights the most important results of the Institute‘s work in the past eight years: (1) the Institute has intensified and accelerated the publication of a major international edition of early modern sources Epistulae et acta nuntiorum apostolicorum apud imperatorem; (2) a team of eight Institute‘s fellows has produced a synthesis of the history of relations between the papal curia and the Czech lands from the early Middle Ages to the threshold of the 21st century (The Papacy and the Czech Lands. A History of Mutual Relations, 2016); (3) some scholars have successfully mastered big topics of general history, especially history of the 16th and 17th centuries.

4

Johan Huizinga’s Russia

72%

Bžoch A.

Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense

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2021

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vol. 18

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issue 37

43-57

EN

This article deals with the changing views of Dutch historian Johan Huizinga (1872–1945) on such topics as Russian culture, 19th-century Russia, and the Soviet Union. While Huizinga did not count them among his core research interests (he never published an independent work on Russia or the Soviet Union), he remained preoccupied with these topics, particularly during the last phase of his life, in relation to his criticism of the declining forms of contemporary culture. Little has been made of the fact that Huizinga prepared a course on 19th-century Russia for students of history at the university of Groningen in 1914 (he taught the course in 1935/6 at Leiden). It was also in 1914 that he became interested in the idea of pan-Slavism in Russia and Central Europe. Huizinga’s unpublished lectures on Russia and pan-Slavism demonstrate his exceptional knowledge of history, surpassing that of his academic contemporaries. The lectures also show Huizinga’s critical attitude towards the political life of 19th-century Russia as well as the Soviet political experiment.

5

Militarne i terrorystyczne zagorzenia miast i portów Pomorza Zachodniego. Aspekty historyczne i współczesne

51%

Aksamitowski A.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2018

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issue 3

5-26

EN

The article presents an outline of the history of the harbour towns that for centuries had been the target of military attacks of regular naval forces and pirates. In antiquity the attacks were launched, inter alia on the ports of Phoenicia, Greece and Egypt, and in the first century BC the fluvial transport of corn was almost paralysed in the countries of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. The ports and harbour towns of the Baltic Sea were under threat, too. The author provides examples that illustrate the development of seaside settlements in the West Pomerania since the 11th century, which after being included into the territory of the Polish state gained access to the Polish economic resources and started developing rapidly and transformed themselves into towns, such as Wolin/Wollin, Szczecin/Stettin, Stargard or Świnoujście/Swinemünde. A special attention was paid to the fact that the seaside towns under threat in most cases were situated in the ‘heated’ borderland and a busy trade route; therefore, for defensive reasons they had to be turned into fortified towns or create an organised defensive structure in alliance with other towns. The seaside towns, together with their naval ports, were an important element of naval conflicts, which was presented in the article from the angle of WW1 and WW2. The article also deals with the present-day seaside towns, which are important strategic and tourist points, and might become centres of organised crime engaged in smuggling and robbing and targets of terrorist attacks. The centres of gravity, i.e. the elements essential for the functioning of the town, which are to be found in all big urbanised areas, have to be properly protected against natural threats and the ones posed by people.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zarys historii miast portowych, które od stuleci stanowiły cel ataków militarnych regularnych sił morskich i piratów. Ataki prowadzono w okresie starożytnym, m.in. na porty Fenicjan, Greków i Egipcjan, a w I wieku p.n.e. piraci nieomal sparaliżowali rzeczny transport zbóż w krajach wschodniej części Morza Śródziemnego. Zagrożenia portów i miast portowych obejmowały także obszar Morza Bałtyckiego. Autor ukazał przykłady rozwoju osad nadmorskich na Pomorzu Zachodnim od XI wieku, które po włączeniu w obszar państwa polskiego uzyskują naturalne zaplecze gospodarcze i wraz z szybkim rozwojem ekonomicznym i przeobrażają się w miasta. Za przykład posłużył Wolin, Szczecin, Stargard czy Świnoujście. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na fakt, iż zagrożone atakiem nadmorskie miasto często było położone na „gorącym” pograniczu i uczęszczanym szlaku handlowym. W celu obrony musiało przeobrazić się w punkt ufortyfikowany lub tworzyć zorganizowaną strukturę obronną w sojuszu z innymi miastami. Miasta nadmorskie, z portami wojennymi, stanowiły także bardzo ważny składnik konfliktów morskich, co przedstawiono w artykule głównie przez pryzmat wydarzeń militarnych I i II wojny światowej. W artykule odniesiono się również do współczesnych miast nadmorskich, które stanowią ważne punkty strategiczne oraz turystyczne i mogą stać się skupiskami przestępczości zorganizowanej o charakterze przemytniczym i rabunkowym oraz celem ataków terrorystycznych. „Punkty ciężkości”, tj. elementy ważne dla życia miasta, które występują we wszystkich wielkich aglomeracjach, muszą być właściwie chronione przed zagrożeniami naturalnymi i ze strony ludzi, co autor starał się ukazać w artykule.

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2 Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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1 Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense

1 Aksamitowski A.

1 Bžoch A.

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1 Pysiak J.

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Na cestě k obecným dějinám: Josef Polišenský (1915–2001)

Aleksander Gieysztor i Gerard Labuda jako badacze historii powszechnej

Český historický ústav v Římě v letech 2015-2022

Johan Huizinga’s Russia

Militarne i terrorystyczne zagorzenia miast i portów Pomorza Zachodniego. Aspekty historyczne i współczesne