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Some Remarks on the Role of General Principles in the Interpretation and Application of International Customary and Treaty Law

100%
Skomerska­Muchowska I.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2017
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vol. 37
255-272
EN
This article is devoted to current practices concerning the application of general principles of law in the light of their function in the international legal system. As a means of the application and interpretation of both treaty and customary law, general principles of law perform a crucial function in the system of international law, which is understood as set of interrelated rules and principles – norms. Te role played by general principles of law in the international legal order has been discussed by academia for years now. Initially they were used to ensure the completeness of the system of international law. However, at the current stage of development of international law, when many of them have been codified, they are usually invoked by international courts for the interpretation of treaties and customary law and/or the determination of their scope. This means that despite their ongoing codifcation they do not lose their character as general principles and are still applied by international courts in the process of judicial argumentation and the interpretation of other norms to which they are pertinent. References by international courts to general principles of law perform the allimportant function of maintaining the coherence of the international legal order, which is faced with the twin challenges of fragmentation and the proliferation of international courts.
2
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The Sources of General International Law in the Recent Works of the International Law Commission

88%
Saganek P.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2019
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vol. 39
37-60
EN
The present text describes the attitude toward sources of law in the recent works of the International Law Commission (ILC) on custom, general principles of law, and jus cogens (with special emphasis on reports of the respective special rapporteurs). The three main tasks of the text are to verify whether the ILC rapporteurs: grasped the essence of unwritten sources (reality-concern); preserved the coherence of views when referring to different topics (coherence-concern); and last but not least allow states to have the decisive voice as regards theset of their obligations (sovereignty-concern). The author notes the nominal strict attachment of the ILC to two-element nature of custom as a general practice recognized as law. Thoughin fact it should be a good message for states, this strict attitude of the ILC seems not to be based on a real stress test. It seems to ignore the reality of lawyers and even international judges referring to several customary norms without the slightest attempt to verify the true existence of both the two elements of custom – namely practice and opinio juris. What is more, the ILC does not see any problem with calling all general principles as sources of law. What is overlooked is the element of state consent to be bound by several presumed general principles. This is qualifed by the author as a threat to state sovereignty – with states being pressured to follow some patterns of conduct to which they have not given their consent.
3
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Book review: Andrea Gattini, Attila Tanzi, and Filippo Fontanelli (eds.), General Principles of Law and International Investment Arbitration, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, Boston: 2018

88%
Menkes M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2018
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vol. 38
293-299
EN
Review of a book: Andrea Gattini, Attila Tanzi, and Filippo Fontanelli (eds.), General Principles of Law and International Investment Arbitration, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, Boston: 2018
4
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General Principles of Law: The Gentle Guardians of Systemic Integration of International Law

75%
Kwiecień R.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2017
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vol. 37
235-242
EN
There are different meanings and functions of what is called a “general principle of law.” This article seeks to address their importance as the basis for the systemic integration of the international legal order. When international law is considered as a legal system, its normative unity and completeness seems essential. This article argues that general principles of law are a necessary, although less visible, element of international legal practice and reasoning, which secure the systemic integration and long­lasting underpinnings of international law. In this sense they may be seen as the gentle guardians of international law as a legal system.
5
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Zasady ogólne gospodarki leśnej i prawa leśnego

63%
Chmielewski J.
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 1
97-124
EN
Forestry Law does not constitute an autonomous branch of law – it is in fact most commonly percieved as part of the environmental law. However, this does not mean, that it is impossible to extract general principles of the Forest Law. The Forest Act contains a catalogue of explicitly formulated general principles of forest management, which at the same time are the principles of forest law. Furthermore, it is possible to reconstruct some addi tional general principles from specific provisions of the Forest Act, as well as to indicate those of the principles of the environmental law, which may be extended to forestry regulations. The aim of this paper is therefore to formulate and analyse the general principles: (1) expressly articulated by the legislature; (2) possible to reconstruct from the detailed provisions of the Forest Act; (3) of the environmental law, which can be applied to forestry regulations. The result of the survey is a more extensive catalogue of general principles of forest law in directive-descriptive terms, which may contribute to the extension of the autonomy of the forest law.
PL
Prawo leśne nie stanowi autonomicznej gałęzi prawa – jest bowiem najczęściej postrzegane jako część prawa ochrony środowiska. Nie oznacza to jednak, że nie da się wyodrębnić zasad ogólnych prawa leśnego. Ustawa o lasach zawiera katalog explicite sformułowanych zasad ogólnych gospodarki leśnej, będących jednocześnie zasadami prawa leśnego. Ponadto możliwe jest zrekonstruowanie kolejnych zasad ogólnych ze szczegółowych przepisów ustawy o lasach, a także wskazanie tych zasad prawa ochrony środowiska, które mogą zostać rozciągnięte na regulacje leśne. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest więc sformułowanie i analiza zasad ogólnych: (1) expressis verbis wyartykułowanych przez ustawodawcę; (2) możliwych do zrekonstruowania w oparciu o szczegółowe unormowania ustawy o lasach; (3) prawa ochrony środowiska, które mogą być aplikowane do regulacji leśnych. Efektem badania jest stworzenie bardziej rozbudowanego katalogu zasad ogólnych prawa leśnego w ujęciu dyrektywalno-opisowym, co może przyczyniać się do poszerzenia autonomii prawa leśnego.
6
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The Principle of Good Faith in the International Law

51%
Lis E.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
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2016
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vol. 25
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issue 1
EN
The purpose of this article was to present one of the most fundamental principles of international law. According to Art. 38 (1) (c) of the Statute of ICJ, the principle of good faith is a general principle of law recognized by civilized nations and accordingly is one of the formal sources of international law. Undoubtedly, there are still controversies regarding its nature, meaning, content and scope. It should be emphasized that it is impossible to settle one, generally accepted, definition of good faith because it is rather an ambiguous notion. The principle of good faith is applied in many areas of international law and is of great importance. The most relevant in this area is the law of the treaties. The principle of good faith is in use in the law of the treaties from formation of the treaty to its extinction. This principle covers also a narrower doctrine of “abuse of rights”, which is probably one of the most disputable aspects of this principle. The realization of the principle of good faith is well established in the principle of estoppel. What is more, the principle of good faith is also applied in the process of negotiation. Good faith performs intermediary function between rules and principles. Furthermore, it appoints the way of observance of the existing rules of international law and limits a manner of its execution.
PL
Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie jednej z najbardziej fundamentalnych zasad prawa międzynarodowego. Zgodnie z art. 38 (1) (c) Statutu MTS zasada dobrej wiary jest ogólną zasadą prawa uznaną przez narody cywilizowane, a zatem stanowi formalne źródło prawa międzynarodowego. Bez wątpienia wciąż ogromne kontrowersje budzi charakter, znaczenie, treść i zakres tej zasady. Należy podkreślić, iż pojęcie „dobrej wiary” jest niejasne i trudno jest wskazać jedną, powszechnie uznaną jej definicję. Zasada dobrej wiary znajduje zastosowanie w różnych dziedzinach prawa międzynarodowego. Najbardziej znaczące jest prawo traktatów. Dobra wiara jest stosowana od momentu zawarcia traktatu aż po jego wygaśnięcie. Odnosi się także do doktryny (o węższym zakresie stosowania) zakazu nadużycia praw, która stanowi najbardziej kontrowersyjny aspekt tej zasady. Kolejną konkretyzacją dobrej wiary jest dobrze ugruntowana zasada estoppel. Ponadto zasada dobrej wiary jest stosowana w trakcie negocjacji. Dobra wiara pełni funkcję pośrednią pomiędzy regułami a zasadami. Co więcej, określa sposób przestrzegania istniejących reguł prawa międzynarodowego i ogranicza sposób ich wykonywania.
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Dopad sovětské teorie mezinárodního práva na teorii a výuku mezinárodního práva veřejného v Bulharsku

51%
Ilieva I.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2017
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vol. 156
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issue 11
977-988
EN
The article is aimed at presenting the impact of the Soviet international law theory, in the face of the brightest authors, on the Bulgarian international law theory and teaching. The problem has not been a subject of study by the Bulgarian specialized literature and poor presented in the doctrine. The period 1917 up to 1960 is not a subject of this research. The author focuses on a restricted number of questions: the origin and development of international law, sources and classification thereof as well as subjects. The main conclusion is that the influence of the Soviet doctrine on sources and subjects can be traced and proved to this day in the Bulgarian literature of international law and until 2000 Bulgarian lawmakers follow entirely the Soviet theory.
CS
Cílem článku je ukázat vliv teorie sovětského mezinárodního práva na teorii a výuku bulharského mezinárodního práva. Tato problematika nebyla předmětem studia bulharské odborné literatury a oficiální doktrína jí věnovala jen velmi málo pozornosti. Období let 1917 až 1960 předmětem tohoto textu není. Autorka se zaměřuje na omezený počet otázek: vznik a vývoj mezinárodního práva, pramenů a jejich klasifikace i předmětů. Hlavním závěrem je to, že vliv sovětské doktríny o pramenech a subjektech lze v bulharské literatuře o mezinárodním právu vysledovat do dnešního dne a že až do roku 2000 bulharští zákonodárci sovětskou teorii plně dodržovali.
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