Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 5

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  getto łódzkie
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The artist was born on November 21, 1893 in Mińsk, Bialorussia. He was the eldest son of a Polish family, though his father was a Lieutenant Colonel of the Tsarist Army. Strzemiński’s first encounter with modern art took place during his studies in Sankt Petersburg. He graduated from Tsar Alexander II Cadet School before studying at a Tsar Nicholas Military College of Engineering (1911–1914). In the middle of 1922, Strzemiński and Katarzyna Kobro – his wife – left the Soviet Smolensk and came to Poland. The events which undermined their and many other artists’ belief in value of art fully expressing the ideas of victory of new forms might have influenced their decision to settle down in Poland. In autumn 1931 Strzemiński moved to Łódź. Following the opening of the International Collection of Modern Art at the Łódź, Strzemiński was offered a teaching position in Łódź. Almost from the beginning Strzemiński was surrounded by young artists, graduates of art schools in Warsaw and Kraków (Stefan Wegner, Aniela Menkes, Jerzy Ryszard Krause, Bolesław Hochlinger). He was their teacher and master. The Public School was not only a place which offered additional training for printers and house-painters, but also the meeting place and studio where theoretical programs and exhibitions were prepared. Strzemiński taught typography and the principles of functioning printing. Another group of students who studied with Strzemiński was recommended to him by Mojżesz Broderson and Jankel Adler. It was the group of very young Jewish students: Samuel Szczekacz, Julian Lewin and Pinkus Szwarc. They started a private evening course at the Public School of Technical Training No. 10 in Łódź. The intensive art course attended by thise group included practical elements inspired by the image-making and spatial form techniques developed by Pablo Picasso, Kazimierz Malewicz, Piet Mondrian, Strzemiński and Kobro, and Jean Arp. These forms of art are known as cubism, unism, nepolasticism, suprematism and surrealism. Strzemiński and Kobro spent the summer 1939 together with their daughter Nika in Hel Peninsula. When the war broke-out, they left Łódź and headed East, where they spent the sever winter of 1939/1940. The first war series of drawings was created there. In May 1940 the artists came back to Łódź/Litzmannstadt. The first 3 months after the invasion of the city by the German was a period of massive extermination, including creation of Łódź ghetto. The Strzemińskis, without work, prosecuted for their revolutionary artistic activities tried to survive; at the end of war Strzemiński was seriously ill. In this period artist the artist drew a series of six drawings made in pencil on paper (“Deportation”). The drawings made in a winding line and showing deformed, as if deprived of the structure human beings, created the artist’s auto-commentary. After the series “Deportation” he created the next series “War Against Homes” (1941) and Faces, which consist of closed forms drawn in thin, wavy line suggesting eyeless human faces composed of fragmented facial features of anonymous people. Then the series “Cheap as Mad” (1942–1944) was created. These drawings were produced during the war and are highly deformed, drawn in one contour of an amorphous line. The last cycle connected with war and the Holocaust was a series of collages dedicated “To My Friends the Jews”. He re-used copied by carbon paper war drawings of the previous series as a matrix. The artistic technique used here by Strzemiński touches the primary, in relation to the Holocaust. The Holocaust should exist for us as „an empty place”, one which cannot be possessed by means of the metaphor. This place of lack or the fissure is filled here with documentary photographs, which give the evidence and confirm the extermination. At the bottom there is the cut out photo showing a charred corpse. The sketchy line and the charred corpse are joined together by the red color of splutter of blood. In other works of this series the artist used a photographic document showing children from an orphanage in the Litzmannstadt ghetto in the company of their caregivers going in pairs to the extermination camp in Chełmno. Mendel Grossman was a Jewish photographer in Łódź/Litzmannstadt ghetto and author of one of a few photographes used by Strzemiński (“The Empty Shinbones of the Crematoria”). Strzemiński used in his collages also the documentary photographs printed in Polish newspapers, edited between 1945 and 1946. It was the time of Nuremberg Trials, and the time when the pictures made by photographers of the US Army at time of liberation of concentration camps were published [”Stretched by the Strings of Legs and Vow and Oath to the Memory of Hands (The Existence which We Do Not Know)”]. Strzemiński also used the photographs from „The Stroop Report” – 75-page official report and a series of approximately 52 photographs prepared in May 1943 by the commander of the forces that liquidated the Warsaw Ghetto. The art work titled “With the Ruins of Demolished Eye Sockets” presents a solitary man among the ruins of Warsaw Ghetto, and is from „The Stroop Report”. Strzemiński rejected Communism in the 20ies and then Fascism in the 30ies but didn’t find the canon, which could negate his feeling of helplessness and nonsense, losing himself in a lack of form of his war drawings. This series of Strzemiński analyzed from the distance of few decades makes a suggestive, forceful and permanent picture of emptiness and void, which he tried to fill with the state of mourn and sadness.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie i pogłębiona interpretacja unikalnego w dorobku Władysława Strzemińskiego (1893–1952) i w ogóle historii sztuki, zespołu prac zatytułowanego Moim przyjaciołom Żydom (1945/1946?). Moim zadaniem było wykazanie jak na tle koncepcji awangardy artystycznych XX w., których Strzemiński był głównym ideologiem i twórcą, kształtowały się losy tego artysty, jego przyjaźni, fascynacji artystycznych, zaangażowania w życie społeczne oraz jak – w obliczu wydarzeń II wojny światowej i Zagłady – idealistyczne, niespełnione marzenia uległy ostatecznemu, jak uważał, zniszczeniu. Podstawowym zadaniem było dokonanie niejako nowej interpretacji cyklu poprzez skupienie uwagi na kontekście historycznym, politycznym i społecznym, które uwarunkowały powstanie cyklu dziesięciu kolaży.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badania dotyczącego organizacji systemu rachunkowości w getcie łódzkim (Litzmannstadt Getto) w latach 1940–1944. W wyniku badania ustalono, że system rachunkowości w getcie łódzkim był w wysokim stopniu uporządkowany z rozbudowaną wewnętrzną strukturą, co pozostawało w sprzeczności z warunkami funkcjonowania żydowskiej dzielnicy zamkniętej. Przeprowadzono badania z wykorzystaniem dokumentów archiwalnych, pochodzące przede wszystkim z Archiwum Państwowego w Łodzi, z zespołu Przełożony Starszeństwa Żydów w łódzkim getcie. Wartykule przedstawiono m.in. charakterystykę dotychczasowego stanu badań, zastosowanego podej-ścia badawczego, opis struktur administracji oraz przedsiębiorstw działających w getcie, badanie organi-zacji rachunkowości, rewizji finansowej, szkoleń z zakresu księgowości. Jako podejście badawcze zasto-sowano teorię społeczną Z. Baumana, dotyczącą kwestii racjonalności woli przetrwania. Artykuł jest, według wiedzy autora, pierwszą próbą zbadania organizacji systemu rachunkowości w getcie łódzkim, przeprowadzoną z perspektywy żydowskich księgowych.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present research findings that deal with the organization of the accounting system in the Lodz ghetto. As a result of the research, it was found that the accounting system in the Lodz ghetto was characterized by a high degree of orderliness and an extensive internal structure, which were in conflict with the conditions of how the closed Jewish district functioned. Archival empirical research was carried out, covering mainly materials collected in the State Archives in Lodz The article presents characteristics of the current state of research, an applied research approach, a description of the adminis-trative structures and enterprises operating in the ghetto, an examination of how accounting was orga-nized, financial audit, and training in accounting. Bauman's social theory regarding the rationality of the will to survive was used as the research approach. The article is, to the best of the author's knowledge, the first attempt to examine the organization of the accounting system in the Lodz ghetto, carried out from the perspective of the Jewish accountants.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Samuel Bronowski (1907-1975)

72%
EN
Samuel Bronowski (1907–1975) was formed in the Second Polish Republic, where he received his education and began his career in the judiciary. During World War II, he was an employee of the Statistical Office and the Criminal Court in the Łódź ghetto. The arrested man was sent to the camp in Poznań, and then to the branch of KL Auschwitz in NeuDachs. Escapee from the death march in 1945. In the Republic of Poland, an employee of the Łódź Office of Public Security, the Ministry of Provisioning and Trade, and then a prosecutor investigating German crimes in the extermination center in Chełmno on the Ner. The witness in the criminal trial of Arthur Greiser. In 1957 he left Polish for Israel, where he worked as a lawyer.
PL
Samuel Bronowski ukształtował się w II Rzeczpospolitej, w której zdobył wykształcenie i zaczynał karierę w sądownictwie. W okresie II wojny światowej był pracownikiem Urzędu Statystycznego i Sądu Karnego w getcie łódzkim. Aresztowany, trafił do obozu w Poznaniu i filii KL Auschwitz w NeuDachs. Uciekinier z marszu śmierci w 1945 roku. W Polsce Ludowej pracownik łódzkiego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego, Ministerstwa Aprowizacji i Handlu, a następnie prokurator badający zbrodnie niemieckie w ośrodku zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem. Świadek w procesie Arthura Greisera. Po odwilży październikowej wyjechał z Polski do Izraela, gdzie pracował jako prawnik.
EN
The article aims to sketch the biography of a person who significantly contributed to the development of research on the history of the occupation in Poland, including the Holocaust, and who is wrongly marginalized in the Polish reflection on the evolution of this discipline. The text is based on the analysis of broadly understood historiographic sources. I focus primarily on the following problems: Dobroszycki’s intellectual biography; theoretical frameworks of his scientific work; his input to research on World War II and the Holocaust; last but not least Dobroszycki’s role in Polish-Jewish scientific dialogue.
EN
Presented article describes material, source resources as Eastern Dokumentation (Ost-Dokumentation). In the light of relations deposited in the team, author presents the living conditions of Jewish community in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto during the Second World War which was reported by the one of German clerk. This report was written after the end of the war and was placed in archival collection storaged in German city named Bayreuth. From the name of this city, author has implemented a term „Bayreuthian” for archival collections which were placed in Bundesarchiv – Federal Archive in Bayreuth in Bavaria in Federal Republic of Germany. „Bayreuthiana” is the term which had been not functioning in previous times in a Polish and German historiography. Archival collections which are there located, they are rich source of information about social history, interpersonal relations, German-Polish relations during interwar period, also Second World War, and after 1945. Undoubtedly the „Bayreuthiana” in the form of written reports, they are subjective. However, they are a still specific source of information. One of this kind of report has three pages and is about ghetto in Łódź. Friedrich Prager is the author and what is more, he was a clerk of higher administrative level during war. After war he was living in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and in 1955 his report was made. In his report, he shows Litzmannstadt Ghetto, daily conditions there, daily life, and behaviors of Jewish community. He has tried to present normal living conditions of Jews and also to show functioning of different institutions such as grocery stores, pharmacies or hospitals.
PL
Prezentowany artykuł opisuje zasoby materialne, źródłowe pod nazwą Ost-Dokumentation (Dokumentacja Wschodnia). W świetle zdeponowanych w tym zespole relacji autor przedstawia warunki życia ludności żydowskiej w getcie łódzkim podczas drugiej wojny światowej w świetle zachowanego sprawozdania jednego z niemieckich urzędników. Relacja ta została spisana po zakończeniu wojny i umieszczona w zespole archiwalnym przechowywanym w niemieckim mieście Bayreuth. Od nazwy tego miasta autor wprowadził określenie „Bayreuthiana” dla zespołów archiwalnych znajdujących się w tamtejszym Bundesarchiv – Archiwum Federalnym w Bayreuth, w Bawarii, w Republice Federalnej Niemiec. „Bayreuthiana” to pojęcie niefunkcjonujące wcześniej w historiografii polskiej i niemieckiej. Zespoły archiwalne tam zdeponowane stanowią bogate źródło informacji o historii społecznej, stosunkach międzyludzkich, relacjach polsko-niemieckich w okresie międzywojennym, także w czasie drugiej wojny światowej i po 1945 r. Niewątpliwie „Bayreuthiana” w formie relacji pisemnych osób mają charakter bardzo subiektywny. Są jednak pewnym, specyficznym źródłem informacji. Jedna z takich relacji, sprawozdań liczy trzy strony i dotyczy getta łódzkiego. Autorem jest Friedrich Prager, który był urzędnikiem wyższego szczebla podczas wojny. Po wojnie osiadł w Garmisch-Partenkirchen i w 1955 r. sporządził swoją relację. W relacji przedstawia getto łódzkie, warunki w nim panujące, życie codzienne, zachowania ludności żydowskiej. Próbuje przedstawić warunki życia Żydów w getcie jako w miarę normalne, pokazując funkcjonowanie różnych instytucji, takich jak sklepy, apteki, szpitale.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.