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EN
Podstawą zdrowej, stabilnie rozwijającej się gospodarki jest dobre rządzenie (good governanace). W artykule zostały omówione definicje tego pojęcia sformułowane przez ONZ, Bank Światowy i MFW oraz cechy dobrego rządzenia, odnoszące się do różnych relacji pomiędzy instytucjami państwowymi a gospodarką i społeczeństwem. Na podstawie danych raportu BŚ dotyczącego skali korupcji, autor analizuje jakość instytucji państwowych w krajach młodych lub słabych demokracjach. Wskazuje na związek pomiędzy wysokim poziomem korupcji a poziomem rozwoju gospodarczego. W przypadku krajów postsocjalistycznych, a szczególnie Polski, autor odwołuje się do książki W. Kieżuna "Patologia transformacji". Podkreśla, że choć wiele jeszcze należy usprawnić we wzajemnych relacjach pomiędzy administracją centralną a lokalną, przedsiębiorstwami, instytucjami publicznymi i prywatnymi oraz obywatelami, to są wyraźne sygnały, że zmiany następują w dobrym kierunku.
PL
Podstawowym celem artykułu jest określenie użyteczności koncepcji rządzenia (governance) dla analizy programów aktywnej polityki społecznej (APS). W opracowaniu wykazano, że governance jest szeroka perspektywą badawczą, która pozwala na wielowymiarowe badania empiryczne. Rządzenie jest właściwą kategoria do analizowania funkcjonowania podmiotów polityki społecznej odpowiedzialnych za programy aktywnej polityki społecznej. Podstawową zaletą governance jest aktualność tego podejścia, którą dobrze oddaje hasło „rządzenia bez rządu” w ramach powiązań sieciowych i z wykorzystaniem szerokie spektrum instrumentów współczesnego zarządzania.
EN
The main objective of this paper is to discuss a general concept of governance for the analysis of active social policy programs (APS). The study shows that governance is a broad prospect research, which allows for multi-dimensional empirical studies. Governance is the right category to analyze the functioning of bodies responsible for social policy programs of an active social policy. The main advantage of governance is the relevance of this approach, which is well illustrated by the slogan “governance without government” in the network connections and using a wide range of contemporary management instruments.
EN
The rapid urbanisation of the world leads, i.a., to dynamic development of metropolitan areas. The functional relationships between territorial units which make up a metropolitan area mean that in order to prevent negative effects of metropolisation and to ensure sustainable development of such an area, the preparation of economically, spatially and environmentally coherent strategies needs to be co-ordinated on the metropolitan level. This in turn requires that the approach towards managing development shifts in favour of governance. Using London and Copenhagen as case studies, this paper explores whether the concept of governance is used in managing metropolitan areas and weather metropolitan authorities integrate sustainable development principles in their policy documents. Research is based on the analyses of form of governance and strategic programmes adopted in metropolitan areas.
PL
Gwałtowna urbanizacja prowadzi między innymi do dynamicznego rozwoju obszarów metropolitalnych. Związki funkcjonalne zachodzące między jednostkami terytorialnymi tworzącymi obszar metropolitalny oznaczają, iż aby zapobiegać negatywnym efektom metropolizacji i zapewnić zrównoważony rozwój takiego terytorium opracowanie gospodarczo, przestrzennie i środowiskowo spójnych strategii musi być koordynowane na szczeblu metropolitalnym. To z kolei wymaga zmiany w podejściu do zarządzania rozwojem w kierunku współrządzenia (governance). Artykuł, bazując na studiach przypadków obszarów metropolitalnych Kopenhagi i Londynu, ma na celu pokazać czy koncepcja governance jest wykorzystywana w zarządzaniu obszarami metropolitalnymi oraz czy władze metropolitalne w dokumentach strategicznych uwzględniają zasadę zrównoważonego rozwoju. Badania polegały na analizie form współrządzenia w poszczególnych obszarach oraz analizie planów strategicznych przyjętych przez podmioty zarządzające metropoliami.
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PL
Samorząd terytorialny to niezależny, autonomiczny organizm, o którego istocie przesądzają jego podmiot, przedmiot oraz sprawowane zadania. Samorządność lokalna funkcjonuje w oparciu o zasady subsydiarności, samodzielności, decentralizacji demokratycznej i wolności. Obecnie funkcjonujące w Europie systemy zależą od prowadzonej przez dane państwo polityki, istniejących w nim struktur administracyjnych i politycznych, uwarunkowań gospodarczych oraz założonych i przyjętych systemów kierowania. Za wzorzec administracji zdecentralizowanej może służyć samorząd terytorialny we Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii, czy w Niemczech. Polski system samorządu terytorialnego kształtuje się od siedmiu stuleci. Szczególne piętno wywarły na nim czasy rozbiorowe i perturbacje w zeszłym stuleciu. Zręby obecnego systemu zostały położone dwadzieścia trzy lata temu. Konstrukcja powiatu nie spełnia jednak wymagań nowoczesnej administracji publicznej, jest przedmiotem uwag krytycznych, tym bardziej, że kolejne ekipy rządzące odbierają tym jednostkom samorządowym kompetencje, pozbawiając je tym samym sensu istnienia. Wnioski z badania poruszanych wyżej kwestii oraz potencjalne rozwiązania mogą być zaprezentowane na schematach blokowych wynikających z obserwacji tła historycznego, jak i otoczenia geopolitycznego oraz obowiązującego prawodawstwa. Włączyć tu również można konkluzje płynące z badania statystycznego obszarów społecznego, gospodarczego, i finansowego. Treść niniejszego artykułu, ze względu na wymogi redakcyjne, pominie szczegółowe wnioskowanie statystyczne, a stanowić będzie tylko odniesienie do konkluzji płynących z badań analitycznych. Korekta systemu powiatów ziemskich jest niezbędna. Warto prezentować koncepcje mogące wesprzeć procesy reform odnoszące się do tych jednostek samorządowych, wśród których najkorzystniejszym pomysłem wydaje się być korekta kompetencji tych jednostek samorządowych. Potrzebne są jednak dalsze, bardziej szczegółowe analizy sytuacji polskich powiatów ziemskich.
EN
Local government is an independent, autonomous body, which essentially prejudge its subject, object, and duties performed according to the principle of subsidiarity, autonomy, decentralization, democracy and freedom. The existing systems in Europe depend conducted by the state policy in the existing administrative structures and political and economic conditions assumed and adopted management systems. A model of decentralized administration can serve local government in France, in the UK, or in Germany. Polish system of local government is formed from seven centuries. Special stigma had on the partitioning and perturbation times in the last century. The foundations of the current system were laid twenty-two years ago. However, the construction of the districts does not meet the requirements of modern public administration, is subject to criticism, the more that subsequent governments take away their powers, thereby depriving them of the meaning of existence. The study addressed the above issues and possible solutions can be presented in block diagrams, which will be based on the observation of the historical background and the geopolitical environment and the existing legislation. Turn on here can also be conclusions derived from the survey areas of social, economic, and financial. Due to the limited length of this article, it will skip the detailed statistical analysis and will be only a reference to the conclusions of analytical tests. Correction system of districts is essential. The best solution seems to be a correction of the competence of those local government units. Nevertheless, the need for further, are more detailed analysis of situation of Polish rural districts.
EN
Migration policy is a one of the public policies. In Poland, migration policy is very traditional. It does not change, like other public policies. It does not present idea of governance and community participation. This is one of the most difficult policies and should be based on modern social management. If society have the opportunity to decide about local migration policy, will be much less conflicts with immigrants. The governance concept has an educational potential. A good example, how to educate the local community for migrations, is a model of migrant integration, which is implemented in Gdańsk.
PL
Analiza dokumentów dotyczących polskiej polityki migracyjnej, jak i literatury przedmiotu, skłania do sformułowania tezy, że polityka migracyjna podlega odmiennym prawom rozwojowym niż inne polityki publiczne w Polsce. W związku z nikłym reprezentowaniem idei współrządzenia w polityce migracyjnej uznać można, że nie ewoluuje ona w kierunku nowoczesnych koncepcji prowadzenia polityk publicznych, ale tkwi w modelu regulacyjnym lub korporacyjnym. Jako jedna z najtrudniejszych polityk sektorowych, rodząca liczne konflikty i niepokoje społeczne, powinna w większym stopniu polegać na współrządzeniu i współdecydowaniu obywateli. Zastosowanie koncepcji governance w tworzeniu i implementacji polityki migracyjnej ma także duży potencjał edukacyjny. Jako przykład nowocześnie konstruowanej polityki migracyjnej na poziomie lokalnym przedstawiony został w artykule gdański model integracji imigrantów.
EN
Governance is a popular theoretical approach in the social sciences. However, it in-volves a number of definitional and theoretical problems. The issue of the ambiguity of the concept and the numerous attempts to recognize the complexity of reality in its framework is subject to criticism. A categorization of numerous definitions of govern-ance is proposed. The weaknesses of the governance approach as a theoretical framework in the social sciences are indicated: the inability to clearly indicate a causal entity in decision-making networks, wrongful diminution of the role of state agencies, its strong normative dimension. In the conclusions it is stated that governance is an attempt, albeit not very successful, but one and only at a holistic description of the hyperpluralist envi-ronment of public actors. The weakness of governance approach can be overcome by subjecting the phenomena to micro- or meso-level analysis.
EN
At the turn of the 1990s, a very large part of UK energy utilities was transferred from the public sector into private ownership. When analysing the era of privatisation, recent research on public policy has concluded that public authorities’ ability to influence or shape national energy choices has been substantially weakened. Since the mid-2000s, however, tight cooperation between private investors and UK public regulators and policy-makers has emerged as a critical factor to meet the challenges posed by the energy transition. How have the British public authorities tried to get private actors on board and to involve them not only in the delivery and funding of energy services, as has been the case with public-private partnerships, but also in the decision-making process? This article identifies various schemes spearheaded by the UK government to breed or revive innovation in the privately-owned renewable and nuclear energy industries. This analysis explores the various strategies used to facilitate ‘decompartmentalising’ initiatives and ensure a smooth transition towards a neo-corporatist revival of the Triple Helix involving industry, academia, and government. It shows how these hybrid processes offer valuable insight for analysing and reconceptualising the boundary between the public and the private sectors. Based on this case study, this analysis ultimately demonstrates how the public/private dichotomy should be reassessed using the concepts of hybrid roles and responsibilities.
EN
Which types of governance indicators matter the most for private investment? This short paper answers the question by examining the impact of specific governance indicators on private investment in a cross-section of developing economies. Results indicate that an effective government that includes competent and independent civil service and credible governmental policies are positively associated with private investment. Fair and predictable rules of the game that determine the extent to which property rights are protected also facilitate greater private investment. Based on this the paper concludes that since some indicators of governance matter more than others, targeted institutional reform that focuses first on the significant dimensions may be key to facilitating private investment in developing areas.
EN
Cities are essential for implementing sustainable development. Nevertheless, the goal of making cities sustainable is a complex process that includes many social, economic and environmental aspects. The aim of this article is to identify connections between civic participation in local policy making and actions towards sustainability at the city level. It is well established that with the help of governance and the collaborative approach the process of local development is conducted with a better recognition of the needs of the community. This results in a higher quality of life. Moving towards sustainability is therefore the outcome of local management, the governance mechanism and the capacity of citizens to self-organize. This requires awareness and the willingness to cooperate on both sides i.e. on the part of the local authorities and the local community. The author explains how different benefits derived from citizens’ engagement affect sustainable development of cities. The analysis is based on a case study of participatory budgeting in the city of Katowice. As it is a learning process, the author evaluates consecutive editions of the participatory budgets in Katowice to determine if this process helps Katowice make a step towards sustainability.
Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 318
105 - 119
EN
Broadening of social participation is one of the key trends in changes in design and implementation of public policies. Hence, the issue of socialization of decision-making processes is strongly emphasized in sustained development, environmental protection policies and spatial planning. In order to achieve a participatory level in spatial decision-making, proper configuration and intensity of system elements are essential. It involves: 1) rules that establish framework for socialized action; 2) social practice, understood as civic activity; 3) openness of the process manager, that is government and public administration. This article attempts to set spatial planning (the case of Poland), with its conditioning rules and practices, in the context of the qualitative analysis of participatory democracy.
EN
The article describes how transnational corporations, international organizations, and supranational institutions play an increasingly important role in the global economy. The complex array of relationships involves political actors – states and their associations, as well as market entities, which – by getting stronger – enter in competition with states for dominance in the global market. The increasing competition between state and international corporations limits room for society (societies), reserving for them sometimes a marginal position.
EN
Participation has recently received renewed attention in the context of governance. This is especially relevant in countries where democratization and decentralization have led to an increased promotion of citizen involvement into the decision-making process. This article suggests that the current debate on civic engagement would benefit from further reflection on how the concept of participation is implemented in contexts, particularly in the Nordic as well as Central and Eastern European countries, where ideas of local democracy, urban governance and involvement can be understood differently. By exploring citizen participation from the perspective of local officials in two European cities – Lublin, Poland and Tampere, Finland, the article seeks to add significant data to the on-going scholarly discussion. Based on qualitative research, it examines advantages and disadvantages of the provisions of the local citizen-participation frameworks, as perceived by the officials of the selected case cities. In the conclusion, the authors point out that although both cities have different democratic institutional systems as well as commonly accepted notions of citizen participation, their city halls frequently face similar problems related to the use of participatory tools.
Polish Sociological Review
|
2009
|
vol. 167
|
issue 3
427-438
EN
The article draws the outline of the studies of villager self-government system in China, then emphatically analyses a typical example, the XiangTu school, most scholars of which are teaching in the Center of China. The article analyses the change of study direction of the XiangTu school. The author points that the theoretical feature of the school is connecting villagers’ autonomy with governance of villages. However, the author criticizes the school for its flaws on the methodology.
EN
During the 2019 campaign to the European Parliament, it was often argued that the situation in which EU institutions can make decisions that de facto legally affect public authorities of a given state in shaping policies on its territory violates this state’s sovereignty. Another argument was that such a situation would seriously limit the possibility of satisfying the needs of citizens of the state in question. The above logic assumes that maintaining the principles of nation state with regard to a state’s political system would guarantee the citizens greater control over public decisions and ensure that their needs are met. This type of argumentation has been present for a long time in the discourse on Poland’s membership in the European Union.The objective of the presented research is to elucidate what exactly it would mean for an average citizen (considering their potential influence on shaping public policies) to introduce a political system based on the so often evoked concept of a nation state in its original, literal sense. To meet the above objective, the text presents the original meaning of the category of a nation state and its constituent parts, followed by an analysis whether and possibly why the understanding of these elements has evolved. Finally, the entire cognitive process leads to a firm conclusion that a return to political relations based on the classical approach to the category of a nation state would lead to contemporarily unacceptable effects on the position of individuals in democratic political systems. This also means that the categories of a nation state and sovereignty can evolve and a discussion on the changing scope of their meaning is fully acceptable. 
EN
Researchers and practitioners have developed many tools to study the water-energy-food nexus at a variety of scales and perspectives in order to aid decision-making. However, there is a recognised lack of tools that consider these interdependent and complex interactions in an integrated fashion. Whether to connect and federate wellestablished modelling systems and approaches, which may be challenging, or to design truly integrated tools for holistic consideration of the nexus issues, is also debated. This paper discusses four distinctly different approaches which appear to have wide-scale applicability, although demonstration of these approaches in multiple cases (besides the Polestar model which is already regional/ global) is yet to be applied. Sustainable implementation of any tools will require greater accessibility such that they may be more widely deployed by practitioners. Harmonisation of results and insights between different scales, so that decision-makers may consider global-local impacts, also remains a challenge.
EN
The contemporary investigations on power, politics, government and knowledge are profoundly influenced by Foucault’s work. Governmentality, as a specific way of seeing the connections between the formation of subjectivities and population politics, has been used extensively in anthropology as neoliberal governmentalities have been spreading after the 1990s all over the world. A return to Foucault can help to clarify some overtly ideological uses of ‘neoliberalism’ in nowadays social sciences.
EN
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought entirely new challenges to state crisis management. Until then, none of the governments had faced the need to stop almost all social and economic life. The fight against the pandemic required the introduction of numerous restrictions limiting mobility and interpersonal contacts. Initially, people did not widely deny their necessity, but over time parts of society protested increasingly against further restrictions. In this article, we check whether party preferences and socio-demographic features influenced the assessment of the Polish government's actions to counter the pandemic's spread. For this purpose, we develop a 10-item anti-COVID-19 activity (ACA) scale consisting of a general assessment of COVID-19 counteracting activity and evaluation of its various dimensions (e.g., online education, health care system, vaccination system and help for entrepreneurs). The research confirms a significant difference in how government activities are perceived in relation to political preferences and gender. The study participants negatively assessed the anti-COVID policy. Furthermore, men and voters of the Confederation turned out to be particularly unfavorable to the government's actions.
EN
W ciągu ostatnich 30 lat Chiny doświadczyły gwałtownego rozwoju ekonomicznego i urbanizacyjnego. Spowodowało to degradację środowiska i znaczne zużycie infrastruktury oraz surowców naturalnych. Podczas gdy chiński poziom rozwoju może spowalniać, kraj ten będzie dalej dążyć do obniżenia emisji CO2, ponieważ jego gospodarka wciąż będzie znacząco przyczyniała się do wzrostu efektu cieplarnianego. Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na wyzwaniach związanych z obniżeniem emisji dwutlenku węgla przez Chiny. Praca analizuje cechy charakterystyczne dla gospodarki miejskiej Chin, kształt polityki rozwoju i konsumpcję energii miejskiej jako czynniki mające największy wpływ na zmiany klimatyczne. W konkluzji autorki stwierdzają, że istnieje pilna potrzeba prowadzenia dalszych badań nad zmianami w zarządzaniu miast w celu określenia tych czynników, które mają największy wpływ na zmiany klimatyczne.
EN
In the context of the ever growing use of technology through e-learning and open-courseware, our paper describes a project that is being carried out by a consortium of twelve university partners and is coordinated by the University of Maastricht and RAND Europe (Cambridge). This project sets out to examine the evolution and sustainability of the innovative modes of higher education provision in teaching and learning across Europe, the motivations for their emergence as well as the ways in which higher education management and governance have responded and adapted to such new modes of provision. In the highly competitive sector of higher education (HE), while attempting to enhance the quality of teaching and learning, the increasing range of teaching and learning providers (encouraging both new delivery models and the ‘unbundling of delivery’ through partnerships, spin-out organisations, franchising, etc.), has challenged the ‘traditional’ model of university and stimulated changes in the provision and management of higher education. Our paper describes the general framework of the project, foregrounding the first preliminary results of the first European-wide analysis of such innovative modes of provision in teaching and learning in Europe.
EN
This study aims to examine how mainland Tanzania pension fund investments are governed and which developments can be foreseen. The literature provides ample leads for a conceptual and practical framework on pension fund investment governance. This framework is filled in along a case research design drawing upon system participant interviews. It is shown that whilst the system is gaining strength, its inherent limitations may call for change measures. The pension fund’s investments work out fine and contributors receive value for money. Also, the oversight is thought to work reasonably well. Quirks include investments limitations set by the markets and the government, and also a still low coverage, the heavy weight of the government, a load of administrative costs, employer compliance, beneficiary withdrawal, insufficient education throughout and ignorance in general. The system is governed by complex but strict controls and is being professionalised. To lower administrative costs and raise investment returns, the role of the Ministries versus the Regulator may be amended, while keeping Central Bank in the loop. The paper demonstrates that the hierarchical system engenders agency conflicts that are curbed by a trust grounded common strive for optimal financial value. In specific the paper argues that the investment governance benefits from strict controls and professionalising, especially if financial markets and government limitations are lessened
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