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Czy rzeczywiście najstarsze – weryfikacyjne badania najwcześniej datowanych gródków stożkowatych

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2018

issue 33

93-111

The aim of the presented research is to verify the correctness of the dating of the motte structures which, as a result of earlier excavations, were considered the earliest defensive knight’s seats in Poland – that is, they were dated to the 13th century. So far, the absolute dates were obtained for scarcely a few/a few dozen(?) such structures. However, they were not considered the oldest features. As a result of the literature research, several sites representing typical motte- and-bailey castles which in the previous excavations were dated to the 13th century, were selected. Three of the sites in question were located in the Masovia region: Kiełbów Stary, Stara Błotnica commune; Orszymowo, Mała Wieś commune and Wilkanowo (formerly Nakwasin), also located in the Mała Wieś commune. The next two sites are located in the Łódzkie region – Witów, Burzenin commune and Małków, Warta commune. A further study was conducted in Sędziszów (now in the territory of the village of Piła) in the Świętokrzyskie region, in Piekary – Greater Poland, Dobra commune and in Szczekociny, Silesia. A new geodetic surveying showed some changes in the state of preservation of the study features. Unfortunately, most of them reveal some traces of deepening destruction. The excavations undertaken at six sites yielded samples for the dating studies. The only sites whose excavations provided no materials that could be subjected to laboratory dating tests were in Witów and Sędziszów. Attempts were made to collect samples for dendrochronological, radiocarbon (14C) and thermoluminescence tests. No wood for dendrological research was found at any of the study sites. The samples obtained from six sites were used to measure the 14C radioactive isotope. A series of dating was performed for the study sites. As a result, 4 dates were obtained for Kiełbów Stary and Małkowo, 6 – for Piekary and 5 – for Szczekociny. The highest number – 9 dates – were obtained for Orszymowo, whereas for Wilkanowo only 2 dates were produced. The results showed that only in the case of two sites the obtained dates confirm their functioning in the 13th century – they are Małkowo and Orszymowo. Another two sites – Szczekociny and Kiełbów Stary – can be dated back to the 14th century, while the dates obtained for the materials from Piekary justify placing the functioning of the feature in the 15th century. In the case of Wilkanowo, the standard calibration calculations produced dates which suggest that the sites represent the modern times. One of the samples, however, may be dated to the 15th century (probability: 91%). Nonetheless, these dates are rather controversial, because Wilkanowo and Orszymowo are the sites situated several kilometres away from each other whilst the excavated pottery materials seem to be very similar. A solution to this problem requires further scrutiny. The attempt to verify the dates produced for the earliest defensive knight’s seats succeeded in part. Only two of the researched sites can in fact be considered to be the 13th century manors. Ipso facto we confirmed that such early dates may be correct, and that already in the thirteenth century, the nobles founded defensive motte-and-bailey castles. Our study clearly shows that the chronology of the earliest Polish knight’s manors, determined on the basis of the previous excavations, should be verified. The results of our work prove that the traditional dating methods used for archaeological artefacts are not precise enough to be used in modern science. We need to put more emphasis on the matter of collecting samples for dating and providing adequate financial resources necessary to perform laboratory tests.

Rozpoznawcze badania archeologiczne na stan. 16 w Powidzu, gm. loco z 2017 roku

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Pydyn A., Kozicka M., Wiejacki J., Magalski M., Kofel D.

Studia Lednickie

2018

vol. 17

197-221

Since at least the 13th century Powidz has functioned as an important though small urban centre. The fact that it was located at the intersection of the trade routes and at a water reservoir, were important factors which influenced the development of the town. Archaeological and environmental surveys conducted in 2017 throw light on the modern stage of the development of the discussed centre. The turbulent changes through which the historical centre of Powidz and Castle Hill underwent in the last 200 years are clearly marked in the layerings recognised in both trenches. What is more, some of them were not documented, and the interviews with the inhabitants of the town are mostly the source of knowledge about them. Hence, determining the chronology of some of the layerings is signifi cantly hindered. For instance, the presence of single and partially preserved human bones suggests the presence of burials in the layers leveled from the immediate surroundings to T 2/17, though the soil in which they were registered could have been brought from a larger distance away as well. It seems that in T 2/17 the layering arrangements were registered, which provide evidence of a moat. It probably bordered the residence of the Powidz starost in the past. Information about the presence of such an assumption on the so-called Castle Hill can be found in numerous written sources [cf. e.g. Ganińska 1993]. The presence of a moat on the other hand is confirmed not only by the documented systems of layerings, but also the results of the analyses of plant macro-remains suggest it. Th e presence of a moat is confi rmed among others by the fact that it was filled with the ground brought in the 20th century. Simultaneously, the layerings registered in both excavations seem to confirm numerous levellings of the surrounding terrain and the Castle Hill itself. More diversified materials were gathered from T 2/17 than from T 1/17, though most of them come from backfill layers. Nevertheless, the presumption that the backfill is made of materials from the adjacent elevation seems justified. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the artifacts (window glass, glass vessels, richly ornamented plate tiles, ceramic vessels), animal bones or plant remains, seem to confirm the initial assumption that there was a residence of a representative of a wealthier bourgeoisie, probably the Powidz starost, on the so called Castle Hill. The presence of post-consumer remains or broken pottery suggest significant activity in the modern period if it is assumed that they come from the layers levelled at the cone. Unfortunately, in the light of the present data, backfilling and lowering of a terrain (moat) with the ground from another part of Powidz cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, the presence of a window glass, richly ornamented plate tiles or, finally, written sources are in accord with the earlier hypothesis. The conducted natural analyses enrich our knowledge about the past of Powidz, but they also significantly influence the perception and proper reading of a history of the formation of the particular layers, and hence, a better analysis of cultural processes, even if they occurred recently. Despite the not numerous collections and rather small area which was examined, environmental studies can be the source of interesting conclusions.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1 Studia Lednickie

1 Kofel D.

1 Kozicka M.

1 Magalski M.

1 Marciniak-Kajzer A.

1 Pydyn A.

1 Wiejacki J.

2 2018

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Czy rzeczywiście najstarsze – weryfikacyjne badania najwcześniej datowanych gródków stożkowatych

Rozpoznawcze badania archeologiczne na stan. 16 w Powidzu, gm. loco z 2017 roku