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Gravity chains: Estimating bilateral trade flows when parts and components trade is important

100%
Taglioni D., Baldwin R.
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
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2014
|
issue 2(2)
61-82
EN
Trade is measured on a gross sales basis while GDP is measured on a net sales basis, i.e. value added. The rapid internationalisation of production in the last two decades has meant that gross trade flows are increasingly unrepresentative of the value-added flows. This fact has important implications for the estimation of the gravity equation. We present empirical evidence that the standard gravity equation performs poorly by some measures when it is applied to bilateral flows where the parts and components trade is important. We also provide a simple theoretical foundation for a modified gravity equation that is suited to explaining trade where international supply chains are important.
2
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Czy siła grawitacji działa na odległość?

75%
Janusz R.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
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2005
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issue 37
15-31
PL
The second Law of Newton's dynamics could be regarded as a research program: by investigating momentum change, one is able to obtain simple formulae for expressing the physical force. However, such a program is unrealistic because of the problem with defining the concept of inertial system. Einstein has solved this problem in his general theory of relativity. In this theory, Gravity is not a force but rather the geometry of the world. It does not act at a distance, but determines local motions of masses. Einstein's research program consisted in a bold hypothesis in the field of mathematical physics rather than in any mathematization of observational results. The second Law of Newton's dynamics could be regarded as a research program: by investigating momentum change, one is able to obtain simple formulae for expressing the physical force. However, such a program is unrealistic because of the problem with defining the concept of inertial system. Einstein has solved this problem in his general theory of relativity. In this theory, Gravity is not a force but rather the geometry of the world. It does not act at a distance, but determines local motions of masses. Einstein's research program consisted in a bold hypothesis in the field of mathematical physics rather than in any mathematization of observational results.
3
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Paradoksy imaginacji. Williama Blake’a metaforyka przestrzeni

63%
Stępnik M.
Estetyka i Krytyka
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2014
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issue 2(33)
73-94
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy metafor przestrzennych występujących zarówno w wizualnym, jak i literackim oeuvre Williama Blake’a. Owa złożona metaforyka nierozerwalnie związana jest z jego oryginalnym systemem kosmoloforyka nierozerwalnie związana jest z jego oryginalnym systemem kosmologicznym, korespondującym z koncepcją człowieka jako kompletnej jedni, poniekąd wtopionego we Wszechświat – homo maximus. W Blake’owskiej mitologii Urizenowi – figurze satanicznej, wielkiemu Architektowi, przeciwstawia się Urthona – boska Wyobraźnia, siła kojarzona z poezją i intuicją. Autorka opisuje owe znaczące Przeciwieństwa (Contraries), włączając je w kontekst pojęć takich, jak diaboliczna (?) symetria, Newtonowska grawitacja (związana już choćby etymologicznie z powagą – łac. gravitas), transgresyjność (a road of excess...) czy wreszcie liminalność. Co więcej, wskazuje na szereg paradoksów znamionujących Blake’owski system, stworzony wszak przez człowieka wielowymiarowego, buntownika i outsidera. W obszar swych rozważań autorka włącza między innymi odniesienia do filozoficznych koncepcji Victora Turnera, Lamberta Wiesinga i Jeana Baudrillarda.
EN
This article is concerned with the spatial metaphors used both in the visual and the literary oeuvre of William Blake. This sophisticated metaphorics is inextricably connected with his original cosmological system, which, in turn, corresponds to the concept of the human being as a complete unity, so to say, homo maximus merged with the Universe. In Blakean mythology, Urizen – as a satanic figure, the great Architect, is contrasted with Urthona – the divine Imagination, the force associated with poetry and intuition. The author seeks to describe these significant Contraries, putting them in the context of notions such as: diabolic symmetry, Newtonian gravity (even etymologically related to sour seriousness – Latin gravitas), transgressiveness (a road of excess...), and, last but not least: liminality. What is more, the author underlines the paradoxical nature of the Blakean system, a system created by a multidimensional personality, a rebel and a sheer outsider. The text contains numerous references to, for example, Victor Turner’s, Lambert Wiesings’s and Jean Baudrillard’s philosophical concepts.
4
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Przegląd orzeczeń i decyzji Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego (grudzień 2019 r. – marzec 2020 r.)

63%
Gacka P.
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
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2020
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vol. 3
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issue 1(5)
141-153
PL
W przeglądzie orzeczeń MTK od grudnia 2019 r. do marca 2020 r. omówieniu poddano trzy decyzje Izby Odwoławczej MTK. Pierwsza z nich odnosi się do szczególnie spornej autoryzacji postępowania przygotowawczego w sytuacji Afganistanu. Następne dwie dotyczą zaś kolejno spraw Al Hassana („karygodność zbrodni” w zw. z art. 17 SMTK) oraz Saifa Gaddafiego (wyrok sądu krajowego, amnestia a dopuszczalność postępowania przed MTK.
EN
In the review of case law of the International Criminal Court from December 2019 to March 2020, three decisions of the ICC Appeals Chamber are being examined. The first one refers to a particularly disputable issue of the authorization of an investigation in the situation of Afghanistan. The next two concern the case of Al Hassan (“gravity of crime” criterion in art. 17 ICCSt.) and the case of Saif Gaddafi (judgment of a domestic court, amnesty versus case admissibility before the ICC).
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