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1
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Energetic diplomacy and its role on creation of a new multipolar world

100%
Gelev I., Racaj M.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
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2016
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issue 13
89-102
EN
International correlations through the last years have been remarked as dramatic in character, and very often followed through with unpredictable events, such as the Arab spring, chronic and confessional wars raging through the Middle east, than the unprincipled informal collation of the great forces merging with variety and different in character formal and less formal state-of-actors, than worth mentioning is the recent war prelude in Ukraine which on top has all been spiced and made far more constrictive indeed by the arrival of the global economic crisis in energy resources as well as naturally found ones, that has well paid so far contributing led to the overflowing of the crisis itself from the world’s center towards its margins. Since the end of the cold war, the most powerful and the most economically ascendant countries have started to promote a very new breed type of concept which deals with export and imposing of its own ideology. Diplomacy has well been turned into an instrument for realization of the external affair politics of the great powers and this diplomacy has been thus transformed from traditional in character to modern in origin, or better - public diplomacy. But this breed of public diplomacy had its own limits in terms of its range influence which was shortcut in the days of lack of energy resources as well as naturally found pack resources in the sense of energy excavation, and thus we witnessed the arrival of the newly formed type of diplomacy in place of the public diplomacy, named energetic diplomacy. Today energetic diplomacy is a representative of modern diplomacy or better a unique type of “stick and carrot” modulated for the weak and well developed rich states which are dependent on energy resources naturally found or not. During the era of the predomination of traditional politics over power in international correlations, it was then the most important thing who would be the one to deal with the most military power arsenal and later economic power as well that determined supreme leading force. Many of us would ask does this mean the reincarnation of the so called almost forgotten Cold War only now coming in such a shape that seems to be far more terrifying in character with a great deal of chance to impose the brink of a new world war and another humanitarian wash-out to humanity.
2
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Działania dyplomatyczne podczas pierwszej wojny Bałkańskiej w publikacjach bulwarowego dziennika „Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny”. Część I

88%
Rubacha J.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2021
|
vol. 2
135-152
EN
The effect of rapid socio-economic development in Europe in the 19th century was, among others the creation of newspapers targeted at specific groups of recipients, including the boulevard press, addressed to the less affluent part of society. One of them was the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” founded in 1910 in Kraków. Although these types of magazines were not highly valued on the press market, their volume, and especially their big edition, incline to a closer look at the content presented in them. Even a cursory reading of individual issues of the newspaper leads to the conclusion that “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” is an interesting source of information about the then reality. This is particularly evident during the Balkan wars, when materials on diplomatic activities were published very often and occupied a leading place before scandals, rumors and criminal reports.
3
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Działania dyplomatyczne podczas drugiej wojny bałkańskiej w publikacjach bulwarowego dziennika „Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny”

88%
Rubacha J.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2022
|
vol. 1
31–48
EN
The effect of rapid socio-economic development in Europe in the 19th century was, among others, the creation of newspapers targeted at specific groups of recipients, including the boulevard press, addressed to the less affluent parts of society. One of them was the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” founded in 1910 in Kraków. Although these types of magazines were not highly valued on the press market, their volume, and especially their big edition, incline to a closer look at the content presented in them. Even a cursory reading of individual issues of the newspaper leads to the conclusion that the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” is an interesting source of information about the reality in those times. This is particularly evident during the Balkan wars, when materials on diplomatic activities were published very often and occupied a leading position prior to scandals, rumors and criminal reports.
4
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British and Austrian documents for the position of the Muslim population in Salonica and its surrounding area during the Balkan Wars

87%
Goseva V., Kotlar-Traykova N.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2012
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vol. 19
232-239
PL
In the article we shall study the position of the second largest community in the city of Salonica – the Muslim community – during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), using British and Austrian documents. We can conclude that the Balkan Wars satisfied the ambitions of the Balkan states’ nationalist circles which, of course, had the politics of the Great Powers behind them. That such of the case was obvious at both conferences that took place in London at the same time – the Conference of the Ambassadors of the Great Powers and the Peace Conference of the Balkan states engaged in war. 80 years after these wars, a new war threatened the Balkans and was led, with all its attributes of cruelty, on the territory of former Yugoslavia. Reflecting on this phenomenon from today’s perspective, we can come to the conclusion that the historical lesson taught by the Balkan Wars (1912/13) had not been learnt.
5
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Wielkie mocarstwa europejskie wobec wojen bałkańskich 1912-1913

71%
Rubacha J.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2012
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vol. 19
207-220
EN
Balkan Wars 1912-1913 were a milestone event in the history of the Balkans. They ending, started in 1878, process of expulsion of Turkey from its European possessions, and creating the possibility of realizing popular in this part of Europe slogan “The Balkans for the Balkan nations”. It should be noted that taking on the Balkan Peninsula events were with attention watched by the European great powers, because this part of Europe they are treated as a region of special economic and politic-military interest. This situation was dictated primarily by dynamic industrialization of Europe, which already in the middle of the nineteenth century led to the exacerbation of the struggle for access to the raw materials and especially to sales markets. In the context of the Balkans the essential importance had the rivalry between Austria-Hungary, which was seeking a safe and comfortable way to the port of Thessaloniki, and Russia, which was striving to change the status of Bosporus and the Dardanelles, for ensure grain exports through the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It must be remembered that the Balkans and Turkey played an equally important role in the economic plans of other powers – Great Britain, France, and from the late nineteenth century also Italy and Germany. An equally important role played by political and military considerations. The entry of great powers in the so-called imperial era greatly influenced the intensification of the competition for the “undisputed leader” in Europe and the range of spheres of influence, and the crystallization of the opposing military-political blocks in the Europe, pay attention of politicians to those European countries, which was created the possibility of blocking the enemy actions and obtain tactical advantage. For obvious reasons, the Balkans have played in this rivalry special role. Although the imposition of all these factors complicated the situation on the Balkan Peninsula, the persistent tension between the great powers created Balkan states and nations the feasibility of their policy plans. Thus, in the era of the Balkan wars, they did not intend to follow the guidelines of European diplomacy, and taken by the great powers the efforts to save peace and acquisition of potential allies did not lead to the expected success, which clearly confirmed the events of WWI.
6
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Obszary współpracy, rywalizacji i konfliktu w Zatoce Perskiej w stosunkach chińsko-amerykańskich w latach 2010–2022

51%
Ryś A.
|
2023
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vol. XX
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issue 2
27-58
PL
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie obszarów współpracy, rywalizacji i konfliktu w Zatoce Perskiej na tle globalnego wymiaru relacji chińsko-amerykańskich. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że pomimo rywalizacji między mocarstwami istnieje również możliwość podjęcia współpracy między nimi w regionie. Wyróżniono obszary interakcji pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Chinami: bezpieczeństwo w obszarze współpracy i rywalizacji, zmiany klimatyczne i porozumienie nuklearne z Iranem, handel zagraniczny, rozwój technologii i polityka zdrowotna. Obszary konfliktu nie zostały znalezione, choć nie należy wykluczyć takiej możliwości w dalszej perspektywie. W badaniach zastosowano analizę porównawczą polityki zagranicznej wielkich mocarstw wobec państw Zatoki Perskiej. Podjęto również próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie o najważniejsze obszary interakcji chińsko-amerykańskich wobec państw Zatoki Perskiej w kontekście współczesnych problemów i wyzwań w regionie.
EN
The aim of the article is to distinguish the fields of cooperation, rivalry, and conflict in the Gulf region within the context of the global dimension of Sino-American relations. As the research has shown, despite the ongoing rivalry between great powers there is also a possibility to cooperate in the region. Regarding the interactions between the US and China, seven fields have been specified: security in the field of cooperation and rivalry, climate change, the Iran nuclear agreement, foreign trade, technology development, and health policy. The analysis has shown the lack of conflict areas; however, we cannot exclude the possibility of their development in the further perspective. The research is based on a comparative analysis of the foreign policies of great powers towards the Gulf states. The article also attempts to answer the question regarding the most important fields of Sino-American interactions towards the Gulf states in the context of contemporary problems and challenges in the region.
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