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PL
The article presents selected issues with the functioning of new linguistic phenomena in agricultural law. An analysis of the impact of changes in agricultural policy on the emergence of new concepts related to climate and environmental protection was performed. In this respect, the assumptions of the new Common Agricultural Policy concerning climate protection were analyzed in detail. The article also presents the basic new assumptions concerning the implemented innovative activities in agriculture. The evolution of particular terms in agricultural law, both in terms of meaning and linguistics, was also indicated.
EN
Reformed system of payments under the direct support schemes introduces many changes. The previous regulations were not connected with direct payments from production but only subject to the fulfillment of cross-compliance requirements. which contributed to support and stabilization of farm income, and also contributed to providing the public, next to agricultural products also public goods such as food security or environmental goods (biodiversity, quality of the environment, rural landscape) . While the payment system in the next programming period of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2014-2020 is to support economically active farmers, with an emphasis on support for young farmers, small and medium-sized farms and with the possibility of reducing support to farms achieving the highest income. Under the new programming period the CAP increased environmental requirements relating to the support of farms, as well as maintained additional support to producers in areas with natural constraints. Under these new circumstances follows the reorientation of agricultural policy instruments. The introduced solutions have eliminated a group of owners of land holdings with the sole purpose of receiving payment to reduce the subsidies for the largest farms, and the money saved spent on rural development. Analysis of established legal solutions in the field of direct payments shows that despite the fundamental objective which is to ensure the appropriate level of farm income, which is the subject of increasingly frequent concerns of part of the economic doctrine , the new model of direct support is also intended to support environment-friendly agricultural practices. The established legal measures also apply (both indirectly and directly) to the protection of biodiversity and landscape through crop diversification, maintenance of permanent pasture, the maintenance of ecological focus areas, or equivalent practices.
EN
After a long debate between political bodies of the EU, the final decision about the shape of the CAP in the next programming period has been made. The initial proposal of the European Commission was very ambitious yet, after the announcement of its final version, there is a common belief that green requirements have been watered down. This paper presents the results of impact analysis based on the most recent proposition of CAP reform with a special focus on “greening” of direct payments. It evaluates changes in economic results of Polish farms in the perspective of the year 2019. For the analyses, the authors proposed an original farm typology using data taken from 10890 farms from FADN sample in 2011. Farm optimization model with PMP technique was used to estimate potential effects of the reform for 218 types of Polish farms. Farm model results have been up-scaled to the country level. Results show that majority of Polish farms are already complying with the new requirements. Adjustment of remaining farms to the new requirements leads to negligible impact on income generated by Polish farm sector.
IT
La politica agricola comune, nelle diverse fasi di sviluppo, a partire da quella di organizzare i mercati agricoli, ha dovuto affrontare problemi diversi, non sempre connessi all’agricoltura. È stata costretta a soddisfare i requisiti in ambito di protezione ambientale, politica strutturale e sociale, benessere degli animali, politica energetica oppure tutela del clima. Al giorno d’oggi si possono osservare tre diversi metodi attraverso i quali si configura, dal punto di vista giuridico, il rapporto tra diritto agrario e materia giuridica non connessa all’agricoltura: separazione, relazione e integrazione.
PL
Wspólna Polityka Rolna w trakcie swego rozwoju, począwszy od organizacji rynków rolnych, mierzyła się z wieloma różnymi, także pozarolniczymi problemami. Musiała odpowiadać wymogom ochrony środowiska, polityki strukturalnej i społecznej, dobrostanu zwierząt, polityki energetycznej lub ochrony klimatu. Współcześnie można dostrzec trzy metody, według których prawnie kształtowane są relacje między prawem rolnym a pozarolniczą materią prawną: separacja, powiązanie i integracja.
EN
In the course of its development, starting with the organisation of agricultural markets, the Common Agricultural Policy has been confronted with many different, also non-agricultural problems. It had to respond to the requirements of environmental protection, structural and social policy, animal welfare, energy policy or climate protection. Nowadays, there are three different methods by which the relationship between agricultural law and non-agricultural legal issues is legally shaped: separation, connection and integration.
EN
Implementation of environmentally significant activities is often associated with the need to attract significant investment from different sources, both public and private. However, investors should be interested in the profitability of their investments and receiving definite guarantees. To this end, the article describes the method of estimating the cost-effectiveness of the investment attractiveness of the procedure, which is used today in domestic practice (Russia). Then it has been found how to change this procedure to allow estimating the high risk and uncertainty of projects. In particular, the authors suggest using an objective function, which they have developed for the evaluation of investment projects. The main goal of the objective function is not only to improve the production, but also to improve the ecological situation in the region.
EN
The aim of the paper was to identify determinants of Polish agriculture in the light of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy. A particular attention was given to the aspects of environmental protection in agricultural production. It is also noted the main legal issues arising from the policy of greening, cross-compliance rules, agri-environmental and climatic commitments. It highlighted the existing European and national legal solutions relating to agricultural activities in the areas covered by special forms of nature conservation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe determinanty rozwojowe polskiego rolnictwa w świetle reformy Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej. W szczególny sposób zwrócono uwagę na aspekty związane z ochroną środowiska w produkcji rolnej. Zasygnalizowano główne problemy prawne wynikające z polityki zazieleniania, zasad wzajemnej zgodności, zobowiązań rolno-środowiskowo-klimatycznych. Podkreślone zostały istniejące rozwiązania prawne europejskie oraz krajowe, odnoszące się do prowadzenia działalności rolniczej na terenach objętych szczególną formą ochrony przyrody.
EN
The article concerns the problems of the profitability of dairy farms, which according to classification of the Central Statistical Office, belong to the group of very small and small farms. Analysis of production and economic situation covers the years 2015-2020 and takes into account the changes in the regulations in terms of direct support for farms. Data from 94 farms, characterized by high specialisation in the production of milk, were used for the purpose. The study takes into account the volatility of milk prices and milk yield of cows, this in turn allowed to achieve distribution of agricultural income in each year of the analysis. The results show that small dairy farms in the coming period can expect an increase in farm income, but their level in half of the farms does not exceed the income parity. The risk of negative agricultural income refers to a small number of farms and the occurrence of this phenomenon is unlikely.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na określeniu priorytetowych obszarów ekologizacji i zrównoważonego rozwoju dla krajów OECD i Ukrainy, mających na celu osiągnięcie ogólnego postępu w interakcji między gospodarką a środowiskiem, a także stworzenie koniecznych warunków wstępnych do wspierania innowacji i inwestycji w celu znalezienia nowych źródeł wzrostu gospodarczego, zgodnych z ekosystemami wykazującymi zdolność regeneracji. Udowodniono, że chociaż globalne cele gospodarki ekologicznej są istotne dla wszystkich krajów świata, muszą być dostosowane do specyfiki regionalnej i krajowej, a także do poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego każdego kraju. W badaniu wykorzystano ogólne jakościowe i ilościowe metody badań ekonomicznych, w tym analizę systematyczną, porównawczą, metody analizy logicznej i statystycznej, metodę wskaźnikową i inne. Zastosowane podejście teoretyczne i metodologiczne pozwoliło zidentyfikować ogólne trendy rozwoju czynników środowiskowych w krajach OECD i na Ukrainie oraz ich wpływ na wzrost gospodarczy. W badaniu przeanalizowano w szczególności obecny stan i perspektywy ekologizacji i zrównoważonego rozwoju w krajach OECD i na Ukrainie w oparciu o wyniki kompleksowej oceny poziomu ekologizacji tych gospodarek oraz relacji między wewnętrznym środowiskiem ekologicznym – ocenianym za pomocą wskaźników „zielonego wzrostu” – a ich rozwojem gospodarczym. Artykuł uzasadnia również wprowadzenie priorytetów w zakresie ekologizacji i zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także sugeruje praktyczne środki ich realizacji. Mogą one służyć jako podstawa do opracowania polityki skutecznego zarządzania środowiskiem i opracowania krajowego systemu zarządzania i administracji przyjaznego środowisku.
EN
The article focuses on identifying priority areas for greening and sustainable development for OECD countries and Ukraine. They aim to achieve overall progress in the interaction between the economy and the environment. Additionally, the aim is to create prerequisites for encouraging innovation and investment to find new sources of economic growth that are compatible with ecosystems that are capable of recovering from damage. It has been demonstrated that although the global goals of greening economies are relevant for all countries, they must be tailored to the regional and national specificities, as well as each country’s level of economic development. The study used general qualitative and quantitative methods of economic research, including systematic, comparative analysis, methods of logical and statistical analysis, and index method, among others. The applied theoretical and methodological approach allowed us to identify general trends in the development of environmental factors in the OECD countries and Ukraine and their impact on economic growth. Specifically, the study analyzes the current state of affairs and perspectives for greening and sustainable development based on a comprehensive assessment of the level of greening in these economies and the relationship between the internal ecological environment – assessed using the indicators of “green growth” – and their economic development. The article also justifies priorities for greening and sustainable development and suggests practical measures for their implementation. They can serve as a basis for developing a policy of effective environmental management and elaborating a national system of environmentally friendly management and administration.
EN
This paper examines the potential impact of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) decision – for the budget perspective 2014-2020 – known as ‘greening of the CAP’ which aims to improve the environmental performance of agriculture and hence, its sustainability. The reform established environmental measures that European farmers need to introduce in order to receive direct payments under the CAP. Using the well-established CAPRI model with its new extension by regional Computable General Equilibrium models, the economic and environmental consequences of the reform on agriculture are estimated. The calculations are carried out for the countries which signed so called Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) – an ambitious programme to restore the good ecological status of the Baltic marine environment by 2021. The results are presented in form of agricultural, economic and environmental effects of the reform against a baseline scenario for 2020 in the analysed countries. They indicate that “grening” causes a decline in the area of the main crops, increase crop prices and slightly intensified production on the remaining areas. Farm income would increase, but due to the low intensity of agriculture in the Baltic countries this increase would be rather limited.
PL
Artykuł analizuje potencjalny wpływ reformy Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR) Unii Europejskiej wprowadzonej w perspektywie budżetowej 2014-2020 w wybranym aspekcie noszącym nazwę „zazielenienie WPR”. Jego celem jest poprawa oddziaływania rolnictwa na środowisko i jednocześnie zapewnienie jemu zrównoważonego rozwoju. Reforma wprowadza nowe wymogi pro-środowiskowe, które europejscy rolnicy muszą spełniać, aby otrzymywać płatności bezpośrednie w ramach I filara WPR. Posługując się znanym modelem CAPRI wraz z jego nowym rozszerzeniem o regionalne modele równowagi ogólnej, zostały policzone potencjalne konsekwencje ekonomiczne i środowiskowe tejże reformy dla rolnictwa. Obliczenia zostały przeprowadzane dla wybranych krajów, które podpisały tzw. Bałtycki Plan Działania Komisji Helsińskiej (BSAP), tj. ambitny program mający na celu przywrócenie dobrego stanu środowiska morskiego Bałtyku do 2021 roku. Przeprowadzona analiza kontrfaktualna dotyczyła potencjalnego wpływu tej reformy dla rolnictwa w aspekcie ekonomicznym i środowiskowym w porównaniu ze scenariuszem bazowym do 2020 roku. Wyniki wskazują na to, że „zazielenienie” spowoduje spadek powierzchni głównych upraw, wzrost ich cen oraz nieznaczną intensyfikację produkcji na pozostałych obszarach. Dochody będą rosnąć, ale z powodu niskiej intensywności rolnictwa w krajach bałtyckich wzrost ten będzie raczej ograniczony.
EN
Modern Polish agriculture in the new national and EU financial perspective for the period 2014‒2020 is facing new challenges regarding the introduction of practices that are favourable for the climate and the environment, i.e. the so-called “greening” of the Common Agricultural Policy. The problem will be to appropriately inform farmers about the benefits from new solutions and encouraging them to take advantage of altered forms of assistance in the scope of direct payments. Even today, when the principle of cross-compliance applies, more than 700 thousand eligible agricultural holdings do not use the available financial assistance. New environmental and climatic requirements for nature protection can only increase the number of farmers who will not benefit from direct payments at all. The main de lege ferenda legal issue is the conflicting nature of the European and national legal norms. In this respect, comprehensive legal analysis should be conducted both in the sphere of public law, as well as private-public environmental obligations of farmers.
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Ekoinnowacyjność

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PL
Znaczenie strategiczne surowców naturalnych w rozwoju współczesnej gospodarki jest dostrzegane zarówno w Unii Europejskiej, jak i w Polsce. Działania oparte na ekoinnowacyjności spotkały się z szerokim poparciem społecznym, jednakże w wielu krajach (w tym także Polsce) natrafiły na bariery finansowe. Wspieranie wszystkich możliwych wariantów technologii okazało się niemożliwe, zatem pomoc uzyskały nowe technologie o dużym znaczeniu dla gospodarki. Powstało wiele międzynarodowych projektów badawczych z aktywnym udziałem przedsiębiorców. Efektem ich pracy było wyłonienie liderów w preferowanych obszarach gospodarczych. Rozwój innowacji następuje często na szczeblu lokalnym, na którym działania pobudzające ich tworzenie są szczególnie skuteczne, dzięki wspieraniu małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (np. stymulowanie rozwoju klastrów). Ekoinnowacje wydają się być w chwili obecnej czynnikiem, który pozwoli krajom Unii Europejskiej stawić czoło wyzwaniom ekonomicznym, społecznym i środowiskowym. Mają one zasadnicze znaczenie dla zminimalizowania negatywnego wpływu działalności człowieka na środowisko naturalne. Jednocześnie są sposobem na pogodzenie tych działań z dążeniem Europejczyków do podnoszenia standardu życiowego.
EN
The strategic importance of natural resources in development of the contemporary economy is perceived both in the European Union and in Poland. The measures based on eco-innovativeness have met a broad social support, though in many countries (also in Poland) they encountered financial barriers. Supporting all possible versions of technology has appeared to be unrealistic; hence assistance was received by new technologies of a great importance for the economy. There have emerged many international research projects with an active participation of entrepreneurs. An effect of their work has become emergence of leaders in the preferred economic areas.Development of innovation often takes place at the local level where actions stimulating their setting up are particularly effi cient, owing to support provided for small and medium-sized enterprises (e.g. cluster development stimulating). Eco-innovation seems to be currently the factor that will allow the European Union countries tackling the economic, social and environmental challenges. It is of the substantial importance for minimising a negative impact of human activity on the natural environment. At the same time, it is a way to reconcile those actions with the Europeans striving to raise their living standard.
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