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Chronologia względna wczesnośredniowiecznych grodzisk środkowego i dolnego biegu Liwca próba analizy w świetle badań geologiczno-geomorfologicznych

100%
Wróblewski W.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LIV
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issue 54
3-21
EN
The basin of the Liwiec River is one of archaeologically least investigated areas of central-eastern Poland (between the Vistula, Bug and Wieprz Rivers). Evidence from the 12th and 13th c. written sources is lacking. Regular study of the Early Medieval pattern of settlement on the Liwiec was initiated only in 1983 when excavation was started of the Early Medieval earthwork at the village of Grodzisk (Phase 1 – 10th c., phase 2 – mid 11th c. to the beginning of 13th c.). In the present study an attempt is made to define the relative chronology of Early Medieval earthworks on the Middle and Lower Liwiec with the help of data obtained from the investigation study of the region’s geology and geomorphology rather than strictly archaeological evidence. A major challenge in the interpretation of archaeological evidence recovered from the Liwiec cachment is how to accurately define its chronology. Over 90% of finds dated to the Early Medieval period is made up by pottery which unfortunately is not a very sensitive chronological indicator. Moreover, pottery finds originate from outside closed assemblages making it difficult at present to elaborate a clear scheme of relative chronology. The generally used system of dating Early Medieval pottery within the framework of absolute chronology has a margin of error of 100–200 years. This poses a serious problem when studying the processes of settlement dynamics. There is a need therefore to seek other methods for defining chronological phases of local 10th–13th c. settlement network in the Liwiec cachment. In investigating the geology and geomorphology in the Liwiec valley the aim was to determine the water levels in the river in the Early Medieval Period. Detailed analysis was made in the middle and lower course of Liwiec, which have well defined flood terraces. These are useful in reconstructing the natural history of the river during the last several hundred years. With a length of 126 km and cachment of ca. 2.770 km² Liwiec is a swiftly flowing stream registering substantial (up to 3 m in its lower course) fluctuation in its water levels and strongly meandering as well. Liwiec has developed numerous old channels, especially in its middle and lower course, branches and stretches of standing water. In its upper stretch the valley is much less well-defined as a result of hydrographic conditions changing over time. The first series of geomorphology studies in the Liwiec cachment was carried out in 1987 at the Early Medieval earthwork in the village of Grodzisk. It was established that in the period when the earthwork was in use he channel of the Liwiec was 6–7 m higher than at present. Gradual erosion of the river bed started at the turn of the 12th and the 13th c. leading to a marked drop in the water level in the river. All of this suggests that the 14th c. castle at Liw cannot have had a predecessor in the form of an Early Medieval – 12th c. earthwork. In the period when the Grodzisk earthwork was still in function (12th/13th c.) the site subsequently occupied by the castle at Liw, which lies within the valley would have been below the waterline. The next step was a study of the geology of other four Early Medieval earthworks situated on the Middle and Lower Liwiec: Barchów (previously dated to the 10th–11th c.), Liw (12th c.?), Grodzisk and Wyłazy (11th––12th c.). Except for Grodzisk all these sites had been investigated to a limited extent by sondage and were dated primarily on the basis of the modest quantity of pottery finds. The study included also three other conjectured no longer existent Early Medieval earthworks (Łochów, Węgrów and Kucyk, previous localisation: Wyszków) which tend to be overlooked by researchers. Their approximate location in the field was established following a careful analysis of meagre late 19th and 20th c. references. Researchers concerned with Early Medieval settlement in Poland generally assume that in the older phases of this period (6th–9th c.) the groundwater table and water levels in rivers were considerably lower than today and that this made it possible for villages and earthworks to be set up in river valleys. According to this concept settlement started to move out of the valleys towards the valley margin with the rise in water levels, i.e., from the 10th c. onwards. Nevertheless, a number of 11th–13th c. settlements is known which are found on the river valley floor. It may be added that geologists and hydrologists have yet to reach a consensus on the subject of groundwater levels and development of river valleys in the youngest stages of the Holocene. Consequently, the results of the geomorphologic study presented here may be related only to the analysed stretch of the Liwiec Valley and should not be mechanically be transposed onto other areas. The second series of investigations of geology and geomorphology was carried out in 1989. Its results fully confirmed the conclusions reached in 1987 with regard to Grodzisk. Only the earthwork at this site lies outside the river valley on the edge of the upland. A similar location, on the highest, fourth, terrace is seen at Wyłazy. The establishment at Barchów and the castle at Liw occupy a younger, third river terrace. The oldest flood terrace in the valley of the Liwiec is the at present poorly preserved terrace IV. Terrace III is slightly younger while terraces I and II are much later developments. Assuming the gradual decline of the water levels in the Liwiec it may be supposed that the oldest of the studied earthworks is the one at Grodzisk, rising on the edge of a marshy and river valley unsuitable for settlement. Lowering of the water level in the river and development of terrace IV made settlement possible also in the valley of the Liwiec; consequently, the earthwork at Wyłazy would have developed presumably still in the period when the Grodzisk earthwork was in function. Decidedly the youngest earthwork would be Barchów, situated on terrace III while Liw is an establishment dating to the mature Medieval Period (14th c. onwards). Analysis of the geology and geomorphology of earthworks in question helped to establish their relative chronology. In the proposed scheme, earthworks at Grodzisk, Wyłazy and Łochów are dated to the oldest horizon I, while earthworks at Kucyk, Barchów and Węgrów(?) date to the younger horizon II. Both chronological horizons fit in the period between the 10th and the 13th c. In horizon II there was a visible concentration of stronghold settlement in the middle course of the Liwiec; perhaps functions served by the earthwork at Wyłazy were taken over after it was deserted by the earthwork at Podnieśno, previously dated to the 11th c. For the studied stretch of the Liwiec it may be assumed that the process of colonisation of the river valley proper took place parallel with the falling water levels only in the younger phases of the early Middle Ages. Both the analysis of archaeological data and of indirect written evidence relating to administrative and church territorial divisions of this part of Poland in the early Middle Ages suggest that the area lying between the Bug and Liwiec had a frontier, Polish-Ruthenian character. Data available is too imprecise to attempt reconstruction of the Polish-Ruthenian frontier in the region. But we may assume that most probably from the middle of the 11th c. a frontier belt started taking shape here, open in character, following the line of the water divide of both the rivers in question. The relative chronology of early Medieval earthworks lying on the Middle and Lower Liwiec presented here is a further step leading to a more precise than at present definition of the character and course of the Polish-Ruthenian border area between the 11th and the 13th c. in the region.
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Zawada pod Tarnowem – wielkie grodzisko z wczesnego średniowiecza

84%
Sajecki T.
Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny
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2020
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vol. 18
9-20
EN
The current views suggest that the stronghold in Zawada near Tarnow is a large, multi-section defensive structure with a central stronghold and fortified boroughs. It played a military role in the pre-Christian settle-ment system, enabling the protection of the nearby settlers against attacks by mobile groups of nomads from the east and south-east, and Slavic crews from the south and south-west. It was also an extensive defensive settlement in which everyday life was going on.
PL
Grodzisko w Zawadzie pod Tarnowem prezentuje się obecnie jako wielki, wieloczłonowy obiekt obronny z grodziskiem centralnym oraz ufortyfikowanymi podgrodziami. Pełniło ono w przedchrześcijańskim systemie osadniczym funkcję militarną, umożliwiającą ochronę okolicznej ludności przed napadami ruchliwych grup koczowników przybyłych ze wschodu i południowego wschodu oraz słowiańskich załóg z południa i południo-wego zachodu. Było też rozbudowaną osadą obronną, w której toczyło się codzienne życie.
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Biżuteria z wczesnośredniowiecznego grodziska w Kamieniu Pomorskim

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Górkiewicz-Bucka E.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2016
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vol. 12
463-481
EN
Abstract: The article presents items generally referred to as jewellery from the early medieval stronghold in Kamień Pomorski. Its aim is a presentation of finds and an attempt to verify the dating of settlement layers.
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Relikty grodziska w Jankowie Dolnym, gm. Gniezno, w świetle źródeł archiwalnych i analizy danych teledetekcyjnych

84%
Krzepkowski M., Michalewicz M.
Studia Lednickie
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2021
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vol. 20
33-50
PL
Przeprowadzona niedawno analiza danych teledetekcyjnych pozwoliła na dokładne określenie położenia zniwelowanego obecnie grodziska w Jankowie Dolnym, pow. gnieźnieński, wzmiankowanego po raz pierwszy w 1496 roku. Lokalizację silnie już zniszczonego obiektu, na wschód od wsi Jankowo w dolinie Wełny, wskazał już w 1924 roku P. Schumacher. Późniejsze próby precyzyjniejszego określenia miejsca po dawnym grodzie nie przyniosły spodziewanych rezultatów, a badacze brali pod uwagę kilka znacznie oddalonych od siebie punktów. Wiarygodnych informacji pozwalających na umiejscowienie grodziska dostarczyły ogólnodostępne dane teledetekcyjne, uzupełnione o fotografie wykonane z wykorzystaniem bezzałogowego statku powietrznego.
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Co odkrył Alfred Rowe na „Diabelskiej Grobli” w Trzebawiu?

84%
Janowski A.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2011
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vol. 8
195-220
EN
In the southern part of the Woświn lake there is a vast peninsula called “the Devilish Causeway” by local people. On the peninsula there is located an archaeological site that was excavated by Alfred Rowe in 1934. During the research a stone construction measuring 10 x 11 m was found. Function of this feature had aroused controversy but in the end, W. Filipowiak’s hypothesis that these were the remains of a Slavic cult construction was accepted in the literature. Further analysis however of the archive materials has shown that the stone construction found by A. Rowe is not a Slavic cult construction but an underpinning of a wooden one- or more-storey building such as those built by medieval knighthood within motte-and-bailey castles or so-called “manor houses on a mound”. It is likely that its owner was a representative of the wealthy family von Wedel.
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Nowe dane do badań nad kujawskimi grodziskami z Mietlicy i Borkowa

84%
Danielewicz M.
Studia Lednickie
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2014
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vol. 13
153-159
EN
The paper New Data for Research on the Cuiavian Strongholds from Mietlica and Borkowo concerns issues of archaeology and the protection of monuments. It briefly discusses the state of hitherto research and knowledge on the strongholds in Mietlica and Borkowo. Then there follows a thorough analysis of aerial photographs (made by Łukasz Oliwkowski) of both these defensive premises. e discussion is separately completed with data acquired in consequence of subsequent surveys of the strongholds in Mietlica and Borkowo, carried out in the years 2007–2014. In the case of the castrum in Mietlica, the aerial photos and field surveys allowed for the recording of traces of the area in front of the rampart, the moat and the gate. Furthermore, a putative course of the eastern rampart (now levelled) of this premise was identified. In the case of the stronghold in Borkowo, it was possible not only to record its shape (the premise is two thirds destroyed) but also to propose a daring supposition concerning the vicinity of this Early Medieval stronghold. Based on aerial photographs, it was possible to state that the stronghold was accompanied with a suburbium to the south-east. All these pieces of information seem to be relevant from the point of view of possible excavations at both sites in future. At the same time, this data should also be of significance from the point of view of the heritage protection service and the protection of the discussed strongholds.
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Wyniki badań archeologicznych osiedla obronnego z wczesnej epoki żelaza w Wysokiej Wsi, powiat ostródzki, stanowisko 7

84%
Solecki R., Welc F., Nowacki B.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
196-202
EN
In 2015, an interesting hillfort was discovered at Wysoka Wieś, Ostróda County, in north-eastern Poland (Fig. 1; W. Skrobot 2015, 123). It was characteristic because its yard was surrounded by 3–4 concentric lines of ramparts separated by dry moats (Fig. 2). In 2018, an archaeological evaluation of this site was conducted to acquire information about its chronology and cultural affiliation. The central and southern part of the site was strongly disturbed in the 20th century, when all the environs were cultivated for reforestation. The only remains of former habitation were discovered near the embankments, particularly in the ditch which ran along the main rampart, on its inner side, and on the main rampart itself. The relics included: a posthole located at the highest point of the embankment and loose stones – a probable paving – located in the above-mentioned ditch (Fig. 4). A radiocarbon dating of the charcoal collected from the soil beneath the stones gave a calibrated date between 542–397 BC with a probability of 91.3% (Fig. 5). The analysis of the pottery shards (Fig. 6:1–5) suggests that they can be linked with the 2nd group in the classification of ceramics of the West Balt Barrow Culture and can be dated to the turn of the Hallstatt D and La Tène A/B periods (Ł. Okulicz 1970, 24–38). These two chronologies correspond with each other and it can be assumed that the hillfort was in use during the end of the Early Iron Age and at the beginning of the La Tène Period.
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Wyniki badań wykopaliskowych grodziska w Klukowiczach na Podlasiu

84%
Kobylińska U., Kobyliński Z., Wach D.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2003
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vol. LVI
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issue 56
189-227
EN
The fortified settlement at Klukowicze, comm. Nurzec Stacja, distr. Siemiatycze, woj. podlaskie, lies north of the present-day village buildings, occupying one of a number of sandy elevations, which rise from the extensive floodland of the Pulwa stream (Fig. 1). Roughly oval in shape and elongated along its E-W axis (Fig. 2), the settlement contains at present an inner area of some 105 by 135 metres. The rings of three walls and three moats, which surrounded the stronghold in the past, are still partly legible even today. Analysis of stratigraphy exposed in the excavated area of the settlement at Klukowicze helped to distinguish four main phases of occupation (Fig. 3 and 7, Table 3). Pottery recovered included 1 624 fragments (Table 1), a highly mixed collection, reflecting chronological periods documented at Klukowicze and the diversity of vessel forms in use during different occupation phases. Because of this classification of ceramic material had to base on a wide range of criteria, including vessel morphology, ornamentation and technology. Using the above criteria rim sherds were distinguished into ten types (Fig. 8, Table 2). Earliest occupation of the site of the fortified site at Klukowicze going back to the Early Roman Period are indicated by material recovered from features from phase I.1. A settlement set up at that time on a sandy hillock had timber raised post building structures (Fig. 4). Hatched pottery recovered from the postholes is analogous to the material dated to the 1st half of the 1st millennium AD recorded at Hatched (Stroke) Pottery Culture sites in the region (Fig. 9:1–3). There is some suggestion that the site was occupied even earlier, perhaps intermittently. This is indicated by isolated potsherds, which recall forms noted in Pomeranian Culture and the so-called Czerniczyn Group. Alternately, the finds may testify to traditionalism and persistence of earlier models. Phase I.2 is documented by a large quantity of potsherds and daub fragments, the latter retaining impressions of timber elements suggesting that dwellings were built in a light wattle construction and may have contained clay ovens. Traces of primitive iron smelting hearths indicate production of iron from bog ores. Pottery (Fig. 9:4–33, 10:1–9) is in many respects similar to Roman Period wares recorded in the region, eg at Kutowa and Hryniewicze Wielkie (cf J. Andrzejowski 1999), as well as from Khotoml near Brest (G. M. Bjalickaja 1996). Phase I.3 was also a period of intensive settlement activity, evidenced by abundant potsherds (Fig 10:10–37, 11:1–10), a whetstone (Fig. 11:12) and a glass vessel (Fig. 11:13). The latter helped to date phase I.3 to phase C3/D1 of the Roman Period. A substantial admixture of hatched pottery fragments suggests strong influence of Hatched Pottery Culture during this period and intensive contacts maintained during the Late Roman Period by the community at Klukowicze with groups settled in areas east and northeast of the studied site. During phase II.1 (Fig. 11:14–24) the study area was levelled for a new settlement, with greatest activity registered in phase II.2 (Fig. 12), the time of construction of a rampart. This earthwork fortified with timber and faced with stone (Figs 5, 6), probably started to be built during the younger stage of the early medieval period, presumably in the 10th c. Layers associated with occupation phase III produced a large quantity of finds (Figs 13, 14) suggesting intensive activity at the time when the internal wall was destroyed and later. Judging from the youngest pottery destruction presumably occurred late in the 12th or at the beginning of the 13th c. Nevertheless, a 14th c. vessel discovered at the site suggests that the stronghold continued in function in a later period. Phase IV (Fig. 15) corresponds to the final destruction of the settlement area and its earliest structures by numerous post-medieval and modern trenches. The fortified settlement at Klukowicze is situated in a border zone of different cultures; it existed in a period of transition, still imperfectly understood in its complexity. Around the turn of the eras and during the first centuries after Christ the region was an area of contact and overlap of different cultures and of overlapping occurrence of specific products, of trade and migration routes. During phase B2 of the Roman Period dense Przeworsk Culture settlement is documented as far as the edge of the Drohiczyn Heights, only a small distance from Klukowicze. It is reasonable to assume therefore that there may have been lively exchange between Przeworsk Culture people and the community of Klukowicze. Evidence produced by the studied settlement shows that material culture of Przeworsk Culture folk had left their mark on the culture of its eastern outlying areas, one also subjected to substantial long-lived impact of the Hatched Pottery Culture and Zarubintsy Culture. Material evidence from Klukowicze, while retaining its local distinctiveness, reflects lively exchange with other groups inhabiting the region, especially during the Roman Period – heyday of the fortified settlement. Its attribution to any of the Late Roman Period cultures or groups is difficult. Late Roman pottery from the settlement includes elements typical for several different archaeological taxonomic units. In addition, some of these elements were substantially modified, giving the clay vessels from the period a distinctive character. Archaeologist have recently started to realise that a number of archaeological sites investigated in east Podlasie (Hryniewicze Wielkie, Kutowa, Klukowicze) has produced assemblages characterised by evident syncretism, dated to the Late Roman Period and visibly resembling pottery of the so-called Grini and Abidnia types from the upper reaches of the Dnepr (eg, L. D. Pobol, A. V. Iljutik 2002). The presence of both post-Zarubintsy and Hatched Pottery Culture features suggests that the material may be linked with the northern periphery of Kiev Culture – an complex, which researchers are increasingly inclined to identify as the source of crystallization of Slav ethnicity. In addition, Later Roman pottery from Klukowicze shows similarity, in terms of vessel form and manner of treatment of vessel surface, to pottery of the Zaozere-Uzmen group, considered the result of a synthesis of influence of the northern variant of Kiev Culture and the local substrate of the Dneper-Dvina Culture (N. V. Lopatin 2003). Material evidence from the older phases of the early medieval period recorded at Klukowicze indicates continuity of settlement and culture in the region, even in the period of turbulent change at the turn of the antiquity and the early Middle Ages. It is worth noting that material culture of the community inhabiting Klukowicze during the period of interest, prior to the construction of defences, resembles greatly the culture in the neighbouring areas of regions of Mazowsze and Podlasie. The pottery is similar in character to the so-called Prague-Type (or “resembling Prague-Type”); “egg-shaped” forms, described extensively by W. Szymański (1967) as types Ia, Ib, II and III, correspond to types 6b and 8 distinguished in the ceramic material from Klukowicze. However, no culture deposit could unequivocally be equated with the earliest stages of the medieval period while ceramic material from that period was recovered from younger layers. It is likely that the deposits from the older stages of the early medieval period were disturbed during subsequent construction of the rampart. As only a small area has been investigated at Klukowicze layers from the earliest medieval period may survive intact elsewhere on the site. It is unclear whether during this earliest medieval period the site was used as an open settlement or was defended even then by some structure no longer detectable in the investigated part of the fortified settlement. During the later occupation period, in Phase II and partly in Phase III, the pottery shows close links with material from other open settlements and strongholds of Mazowsze and Podlasie. No resemblance is noted on the other hand to material culture of areas more to the east. It is likely therefore that the sandy hummock at Klukowicze was fortified in period when Mazowsze was being colonised by the state of the Piast dynasty around the middle of the 11th c. (M. Miśkiewicz 1981, p. 113). This link is corroborated indirectly by the range of Mazowsze type cemeteries (with graves within stone settings), which in the region have their easternmost extent, reaching right up to the settlement at Klukowicze (K. Musianowicz 1960, pl. IX; V. V. Sedov 1982, p. 121 map 16). The slight thickness of the occupation layer on the inner side of the wall is fairly thin and produced a relatively modest quantity of finds suggests that settlement at the time of construction of the rampart was not very intensive. Alternately it is possible that most of the population lived in open settlements clustering around the stronghold. It is more probable that after the destruction of the stronghold at Klukowicze its function was taken over by the nearest fortified settlement at Bobrówka. Absence of a larger quantity of archaeological material dating form the early 10th c. shows that it is probably futile to search in the region of Klukowicze for traces of a permanent trade route, or the existence of a trading post. The culture situation in the region changed presumably in the 12th c. This is evidenced by Ruthenian elements in the pottery discovered at Klukowicze in deposits corresponding to the period postdating the destruction of the inner rampart. This phenomenon corresponds presumably to political events associated with the occupation of the territory east of the rivers Narew, Liza, Mienia and lower Nurzec by the Ruthenian principalities (M. Miśkiewicz 1981, p. 116). Before concluding it is worth recalling that the significance of the fortified settlement at Klukowicze follows from the presence in its deposits of material evidence from several chronological phases, reflecting the complicated history of the region in late antiquity and early Middle Ages. Of particular importance is the discovery of finds, so far noted only rarely in Poland, which may be linked to the widely conceived Kiev Culture environment in the Late Roman Period, and materials from the older phases of the early medieval period. As such, Klukowicze are particularly important for resolving vital question of ethnic and culture genesis of the Slavs and of settlement and culture continuity at the turn of antiquity and early Middle Ages.
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Element szczególny w otoczeniu – znaki czasu na przykładzie Grodziska Bródnowskiego w Warszawie

84%
Olszewska K.
MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne
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2016
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issue 18
71-78
PL
W artykule rozpatrzono wczesnośredniowieczne Grodzisko Bródnowskie w Warszawie jako element szczególny w otoczeniu. Odkryte w XX w., gruntownie przebadane, stanowi symbol przeszłości. Współczesne materiały wykorzystywane do odtworzenia obiektu, jak i kształtowania przestrzeni w jego sąsiedztwie, mogą obniżyć wartość jego historycznego przekazu. Analizowane relacje, między grodem a otaczającym krajobrazem, świadczą o zmieniających się funkcjach na tym obszarze na przestrzeni wieków i uznano je za znaki czasu. Grodzisko niegdyś było miejscem schronienia, dziś ma być obiektem badań naukowych, edukacji, a także stanowić atrakcję turystyczną i pomagać w promowaniu dzielnicy.
EN
The article discusses early medieval settlement “GrodziskoBródnowskie” in Warsaw as particular element in the surroundings. Discovered in the twentieth century, thoroughly tested, is a symbol of the past. Modern materials used to revalue of the object, as well to shape its environment may understate the historical significance of the settlement. Various relations between the element and the surrounding landscape are the evidence of changing functions in the area over the centuries and recognized them as signs of the times. Settlement was once a place of refuge, today will be the object of research, education, and provide a tourist attraction and help to promote the district.
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Wyniki przedwojennych badań na grodzisku w Starogardzie Łobeskim

67%
Janowski A.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2011
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vol. 8
179-194
EN
Starogard Łobeski is a settlement situated about 8 km to the east of Resko on the east bank of the Rega river. Undoubtedly the area’s most interesting archaeological site from the Early Middle Ages, this well-preserved stronghold is located about 2 km to the south of Starogard. The feature has been known since at least the 1930s, and it has been excavated twice archaeologically. The first excavations were carried out by Adolf Stubenrauch in 1891 with further excavations being undertaken by Hans-Jürgen Eggers in 1938. This paper presents the results of this research which hitherto has not been widely published.
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