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EN
In social psychology the group polarization refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members. This phenomenon constitutes a potential obstacle to positive outcomes attributed to deliberative debates. A deliberative debate is a particular kind of a group discussion tasked with fi nding group consensus on controversial issues. The idea of deliberation originates from the writings of John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Amy Gutmann and Denis Thompson. Deliberative debate imposes numerous normative requirements on the communication, relationships among the disputants and their approach to the issue under discussion. These normative requirements make a big difference between deliberative debates and the situations in which the phenomenon of polarization was observed. Thus, we presume that in deliberative debates conditions the phenomenon of group polarization may be limited. The paper investigates the following questions: would the normative conditions of deliberation limit the occurrence of polarization in discussing groups? and What infl uence (if any) would the polarization process have on the quality of group decision? In the light of the empirical data we concluded what follows: (1) In 50% of the analyzed cases of group discussion the phenomenon of group polarization was observed despite the normative conditions of deliberation. (2) The occurrence of group polarization in some cases coincided with making the fi nal decisions which did not alter the initial preferences of the disputants (but did not totally predestinated the fi nal outcome).
EN
This paper reviews the work of Cass R. Sunstein who is a renowned and widely quoted legal scholar and a very prolific writer on a wide range of subjects. I outline herein some themes and ideas expressed in over a dozen C.R. Sunstein’s books that were published between 1993 and 2017. As the title suggests, an emphasis is placed on issues of constitutional relevance. Aiming to place Sunstein’s body of work within a larger context I trace a considerable shift in his approach to political problems and challenges from a purely legal to a more nuanced and multi-dimensional one. Accordingly I present Sunstein’s views on such issues as the partiality of constitutions, incompletely theorized agreements, judicial minimalism, the ideological component of judging, the cost of rights, and group polarization. The works of this contemporary Publius show that pursuing constitutional law in a practical way is much more than study in linguistics or compiling a constitutional court’s decisions. Cass R. Sunstein’s extensive oeuvre provides a rich material for devising new constitutional solutions to real social problems.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia dorobek Cassa R. Sunsteina, uznanego i szeroko cytowanego badacza prawa. Autor prezentuje w nim wątki i idee wyrażone w kilkunastu książkach C.R. Sunsteina wydanych w latach 1993–2017. Uwypuklone zostały kwestie o wymiarze konstytucyjnym. Starając się ukazać dorobek Sunsteina w szerszym kontekście, autor przedstawia zwrot, jaki dokonał się w podejściu Sunsteina do problemów i wyzwań politycznych – od podejścia czysto prawniczego do bardziej zróżnicowanego i wielowymiarowego. Omawia więc poglądy Sunsteina na takie tematy jak stronniczość konstytucji, niezupełne uzgodnienia, sędziowski minimalizm, wpływ ideologii na orzecznictwo, koszt praw i polaryzacja grupowa. Dzieła tego współczesnego Publiusza pokazują, że praktyczne uprawianie prawa konstytucyjnego to znacznie więcej niż studia z zakresu językoznawstwa czy też kompilowanie orzeczeń sądu konstytucyjnego. Rozległy dorobek Cassa R. Sunsteina dostarcza obszernego materiału do tworzenia nowych rozwiązań konstytucyjnych osadzonych w realnych problemach społecznych.
PL
Wielu wybitnych psychologów, takich jak Philip Zimbardo czy Simon Baron-Cohen, stawia fundamentalne pytanie: Jak dobrzy ludzie mogą skłaniać się do zła? Odpowiedź na nie powinna być przedmiotem zainteresowania i stanowić ważny temat również dla prawników. Oczywiście czasami istnieją takie sytuacje, kiedy tzw. dobrzy ludzie stają się sprawcami przestępstwa. Niektóre z tych sytuacji wcale nie są przypadkowe, lecz kreowane przez kogoś, kto dobrze zna metody manipulowania innymi ludźmi. Wówczas mamy zazwyczaj do czynienia z przypadkiem winy bez kary.
EN
Many outstanding psychologists like Philip Zimbardo and Simon Baron-Cohen ask the fundamental question: How Can Good People Turn Evil? An answer to this question should also be interesting and important for lawyers. In fact, sometimesthere are situations when the so called, ‘good people’ become capable of committing real crimes. Some of these situations are not accidental, but they are created by somebody who knows well methods how to manipulate others. Then, we usually have a case ofguilt without conviction.
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