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EN
The article concerns the comparative analysis concerning credit market situation on the background of economic growth changes in Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Hungary. The main objective of this article is to identify the similarities and differences in the economic situation of the whole economies and credits market conditions in individual countries. This relationship has been verified for each country. To determine the strength of the relationship between the dynamics of changes in the value of credits and GDP, Pearson correlation analysis was used. The basis of the analysis presented in the article was data from central banks, Central Statistical Office and Eurostat. Time horizon under investigation covered the period of 2004-2013. The results of analysis indicate that both the economic condition of entire economies, as well as the situation in the credit market remained diverse in all analyzed countries. Among the most significant similarities there was found that changes in the rate of economic growth in the analyzed countries remained at a moderate depending on the dynamics of changes in the credit market. Although the analyzed countries experienced a financial crisis, not all of them recorded a negative growth rate of GDP and credits.
EN
This paper empirically investigates the growth effect associated with aid and its volatility during the period 1995-2008 in the case of five South Asian economies. The aid is classified into short impact, long impact and humanitarian aid. We obtained results for each of the country by employing two-stage least squares method. The results suggest that gross aid is positively associated with growth rate where as its volatility negatively effects growth rate South Asian countries. Short impact and long impact aid positively effect on growth rate whereas respective aid volatilities have negative affects on all the economies, excluding at least one country in each case. Humanitarian aid and its volatility have mixed results. Thus, we come to a conclusion that, aid and aid volatility have strong association with growth rate in the South Asian countries, but varies considerably from country to country in terms of magnitude of effect and in relation to the growth rates
EN
This article demonstrates the assumptions of economic theory and its followers, the theories which stimulate research on the positive correlation between the success of the economy, its growth and the level of international trade. The empirical analysis of this paper examines the example of the exchange rate volatility and its influence on international trade on the basis of Ukraine. In the descriptive part of this study, which looks at the exchange rate volatility in Ukraine as a whole, the authors have aggregated the bilateral volatilities using trade shares as weights to obtain what is referred to as the “effective volatility” of the country’s exchange rates. It is summarized that the current situation in Ukraine is extremely difficult, and external financial support could alleviate the crisis. The time span used in the work includes the years from 1999 to 2014, with the help of which the authors have demonstrated the fluctuation and correlation between these two factors. From the graph it has been possible to make the conclusion that even if there was no significant visible correlation between trade and the exchange rate volatility, it does not mean that there is no relationship between these two factors, because there are a lot of factors which affect the level of trade.
EN
Until the 1960s, when Malta remained a British colony, its economy was characterised by a low degree of industrialisation and low exports and was subordinated to the interests of the metropolis. The main source of income for the country was the shipyard and the Royal Navy base. The independence of 1964 created a political and economic space for the industrialisation and development of Malta. In the following years, despite several radical changes in the economic policy pursued by successive governments, the Maltese economy gained high growth dynamics, diversified production, managed to attract foreign investors, gained access to new technologies, developed exports. The model focused on export production and attracting foreign direct investment turned out to be effective and made it possible to implement a costly welfare state policy.
PL
Do lat 60. XX w., kiedy Malta pozostawała brytyjską kolonią, jej gospodarka charakteryzowała się niskim stopniem uprzemysłowienia, ograniczoną do kilku branż produkcją, niskim poziomem mechanizacji i wydajności oraz niewielkim eksportem, była podporządkowana interesom metropolii i opierała się w dużym stopniu na dochodach ze stoczni i bazy Royal Navy. Uzyskanie niepodległości w 1964 r. stworzyło przestrzeń polityczną i ekonomiczną do industrializacji i rozwoju Malty. W następnych latach, mimo kilku radykalnych zwrotów w polityce gospodarczej realizowanej przez kolejne rządy, maltańska gospodarka zyskała wysoką dynamiką wzrostową, została zrestrukturyzowana, zdywersyfikowała produkcję, zdołała przyciągnąć zagranicznych inwestorów, uzyskała dostęp do nowych technologii, rozwinęła eksport. Model zorientowany na produkcję eksportową i przyciąganie bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych okazał się na tyle skuteczny, że umożliwił realizację kosztownej polityki państwa opiekuńczego. Obecnie Malta z nowoczesną, konkurencyjną gospodarką, PKB per capita w wysokości 22 tys. euro, 6% tempem wzrostu, niskim bezrobociem (3,4%), spadającym zadłużeniem publicznym (57% PKB) oraz nadwyżką budżetową (0,5% PKB) jest jednym z najszybciej rozwijających się państw UE.
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