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Elita rycerska krzyżackich Prus w świetle listy gwarantów pokoju brzeskiego z 1436 r. Próba charakterystyki

100%

Szybkowski S.

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

2023

issue 26

233-275

The Prussian knights, who were the guarantors of the Brest peace concluded on December 31, 1435, so far were sought in the list of persons who were proposed as guarantors from January 1436. It included 195 knights. However, the final list of guarantors is contained in the treaty document of the Teutonic side, which was submitted to the Polish side on August 1, 1436. The text of the peace document includes 131 knightly guarantors, but only 109 of them were Prussian knights (44 of them were accolade). However, 5 more knights possible to be identified should be added to the Prussian guarantors mentioned in the document, who have put their seals in, but are not mentioned in the text of the treaty. This comes to a total of 114 knightly guarantors from Prussia, who can be identified on the basis of information from the treaty document. In addition to the Prussians, 18 knights from Livonia (including three accolade knights) and four from New March (including no accolade knight) were included as guarantors. A prosopographic analysis of Prussian guarantors shows that the greatest number of them were knights from Upper Prussia and the Chełmno land. Out of the 114 knights there were 61 of them, and as many as 28 of them were from the small Chełmno land. It also seems that the vast majority of knightly guarantors came from families having long standing affiliations with Prussia, even though the knightly elite could still be joined by newcomers, such as Botho von Eulenburg, a member of the great master secret council. Among the knightly guarantors, we were able to identify only one person from the city patriciate. This, together with the above mentioned conclusion concerning the origin of the vast majority of guarantors from families formerly settled in Prussia, allows for a cautious suggestion that the Prussian knighthood was already at the stage of gradually closing as a social group, which also occurred against the policy of its feudal superior. The participation of the knighthood as an active factor of political events in the 30s of the 15th century, the culmination of which was establishing the Prussian Union in 1440, probably allows to state that the “warrior” layer of Prussian knighthood, initially treated by the Teutonic Order “professionally”, has evolved into a social state – typical for the late medieval feudal states – and demanded its due participation in ruling over the state.

Polscy negocjatorzy i gwaranci traktatu lubowelskiego z 15 marca 1412 r.

88%

Wróbel D.

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

2023

issue 26

334-373

The Polish and Hungarian monarchs and their spouses, courts, as well as numerous advisers met on March 15, 1412 in Lubowla in Spiš, where a peace treaty was concluded. The article presents the circumstances of initiating Polish–Hungarian talks in the autumn of 1410 (the mission of Zawisza Czarny) and the process of Poland and Hungary becoming closer in the years 1411–1412, culminating in a congress in Lubowla. Negotiations took place in three rounds and lasted a total of several months. They were characterized by a consistent desire to achieve peace. A significant role was played in particular by the king’s four advisers: the Archbishop of Halice and then Gniezno Mikołaj Trąba, the Bishop of Poznań Wojciech Jastrzębiec, the voivode of Kraków Jan from Tarnów, and the Marshal of the Kingdom Zbigniew from Brzezie. The following part presents the poorly-known Polish list of guarantors of the Treaty of Lubowla, consisting of 50 people. Individual guarantors have been identified and described in a prosopographic manner. Attention was drawn to other examples of their guarantee of peace treaties. By analyzing the group of guarantors the author concludes that the main peace documents were written down and sealed during the meeting in the Spiš region. The guarantors of peace were also chosen there from among the dignitaries and knights of the court accompanying the monarchs. The list of guarantors of the Polish document was dominated by residents of Lesser Poland. A relatively large group of guarantors consisted of untitled knights of the court, mainly famous knights, participants of the war with the Teutonic Order in the years 1409–1411. The author recommends publishing both treaty documents as well as the set seals.

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2 Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

1 Szybkowski S.

1 Wróbel D.

2 2023

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Elita rycerska krzyżackich Prus w świetle listy gwarantów pokoju brzeskiego z 1436 r. Próba charakterystyki

Polscy negocjatorzy i gwaranci traktatu lubowelskiego z 15 marca 1412 r.