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Nauczyciele domowi w guberni lubelskiej w latach 1832-1864. Próba charakterystyki

100%

Hajkowska M.

Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana

2017

vol. 20

issue 3

141-159

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie działalności nauczycieli i nauczycielek domowych na terenie guberni lubelskiej w latach 1832–1864. Przedmiotem badań jest grupa osób prowadzących nauczanie szkolne w domach prywatnych. Podjęto się próby charakterystyki tej grupy zawodowej, w tym określenia jej liczby, wieku, płci, narodowości. Ponadto poddano analizie zarządzenia władz szkolnych dotyczące jej kontroli, egzaminów i świadectw uprawniających do pracy w zawodzie oraz obowiązków. Władze Królestwa Polskiego podejmowały działania zmierzające do kontroli tej grupy zawodowej już od 1833 roku. Wraz z wprowadzeniem w 1841 roku tzw. Najwyżej zatwierdzonej ustawy dla instytutów naukowych prywatnych, guwernerów i nauczycieli domowych w Królestwie Polskim ta kontrola stała się bardziej nasilona. Zgodnie z jej zapisem, dyrektorzy gimnazjów gubernialnych byli zobowiązani do przesyłania Kuratorowi Okręgu Naukowego Warszawskiego rocznych raportów o osobach trudniących się nauczaniem domowym. W praktyce napotykano wiele trudności w ich przygotowaniu. Nauczyciele domowi nie zgłaszali władzom szkolnym informacji o podjęciu obowiązków w domach prywatnych z obawy przed kontrolą oraz ze strachu przed karą grzywny. Wiele osób nie posiadało potrzebnych świadectw, upoważnień lub pozwoleń. Nie respektowano ani zarządzenia wymagającego informowania właściwych władz szkolnych o każdej zmianie miejsca pracy oraz przedstawiania zaświadczenia z domu, w którym pełnione były obowiązki, jak i świadectw upoważniających do wykonywania zawodu. Nie tylko nauczyciele nie podporządkowywali się zaleceniom władz szkolnych. Apele kierowane do pracodawców o zgłaszanie informacji o zatrudnieniu pedagoga w domu prywatnym także nie zawsze były skuteczne.

The aim of this article is to present the issue of teachers and home teachers in the Lublin Province from 1832 to 1864. The subject of the study is a group of people undertaking home-based teaching in private homes. The aim of this study has been to characterize this occupational group, including its number, age, gender, nationality. In addition, an analysis of the school authorities’ regulations concerning its control, examinations and certificates of the employment and the occupational status was made. The authorities of the Kingdom of Poland took steps to control this professional group from 1833 onwards. With the introduction of the Highest-Approved Act for the private research institutes, the governesses and home teachers in the Kingdom of Poland in 1841, this control became more intense. Pursuant to the provisions of the Act, the headmasters of secondary schools were obliged to submit annual reports to the Curator of the Warsaw Educational District about those undertaking the profession of a home teacher. In practice, significant problems were encountered in their preparation. The home teachers did not report to the school authorities about taking up private home duties for fear of coming under greater control and being fined. Many of them did not possess the required certificates, authorizations or permissions. The regulation concerning the obligation to provide the competent school authorities with information about any change of workplace, to submit a statement from home in which they performed their duties and certificates of competency was not respected. Teachers were not the only ones who did not adopt the school authorities’ recommendations. The calls for people hiring home teachers to report it were not always effective.

Bractwa religijne w diecezji lubelskiej w XIX wieku – stan liczbowy

100%

Partyka W.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

2014

vol. 102

143-177

The brotherhood movement was born in the Church in the fourth century. Brotherhoods usually operated in churches and monasteries, and their aim was to strengthen the piety of the faithful through the implementation of the objectives of charitable and social activities, as well as activities connected with worship. In Poland, religious brotherhoods appeared in the thirteenth century and developed over the centuries. They fl ourished in the seventeenth and eighteenth century and were introduced into the majority of parishes. At the end of the fourteenth century they appeared in the region of Lublin. In the period before the partitions there were 174 brotherhoods in that region. With the collapse of the Polish State religious brotherhoods also experienced a serious crisis. The Diocese of Lublin was founded in 1805. Under the new organizational structures brotherhoods continued to operate and pursue their goals. Despite a series of reprisals from the partitioners, which wanted to tightly control and even restrict the activity of brotherhoods, they effectively coped with those diffi culties opposing the secularization of society. On the basis of the records of canonical visitation of the nineteenth century and the two registrations of brotherhoods in that period, it was possible to establish that in the nineteenth century in the Diocese of Lublin there were199 brotherhoods. The vast majority of brotherhoods were Marian ones – 124, of which 91 Rosary ones, 24 scapular ones and 9 others. Among other fraternities quite numerously represented were the ones dedicated to the Holy Trinity (24), St. Anna (15), Mercy (12). The number of such fraternities as Corpus Christi (3), St. Tekla (3), St. John of Nepomuk (3) Literary (2), St. Anthony (2) and Heart of Jesus (2) was small. There was also one brotherhood of Guardian Angels, one of the Holy Name of Jesus, Lovers of Crucifi ed Jesus, Merciful Jesus (dying), St. Cross, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Barbara, St. Yvonne and St. Francis of Assisi’s belt. Some of them disappeared at the beginning of the nineteenth century, some operated continuously for a long time and others came into existence in the period under discussion. It is hoped that the issue concerning the functioning of religious brotherhoods in the nineteenth century will soon be more detailed studied, as in the case of the fraternities operating in the period before the Partitions of Poland. It is essential to better understand not only the functioning of the brotherhoods in an entirely new political situation of the Polish Church but also their impact on moral and religious renewal, and perhaps on the increase in the patriotic sentiments of wider social groups.

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1 Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

1 Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana

1 Hajkowska M.

1 Partyka W.

1 2017

1 2014

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Nauczyciele domowi w guberni lubelskiej w latach 1832-1864. Próba charakterystyki

Bractwa religijne w diecezji lubelskiej w XIX wieku – stan liczbowy