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1

Forensic examination of anonymous handwritten documents in order to obtain data on the identity of their author and performer

100%
Bakhteev D. V., Antropov A. V.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2018
|
vol. 49
9-22
EN
The anonymous document as an object of forensic research has an information field that is subject to study by three groups of scientific disciplines: handwriting, technical re­search of documents and forensic linguistics. Stability and reproducibility characteristics of handwriting and written speech allows us to identify the author and performer of an anonymous message, as demonstrated by the example of the authorsʼ practice.
2

The development of the Roman alphabet and its implications for handwriting comparison in the British/Irish sphere.

88%
Craythorne B.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2018
|
vol. 49
51-63
EN
The development of the alphabet from about 2000 BC to the modern age has inter­esting implications in the work of forensic handwriting analysts. This overview provides background knowledge for the forensic handwriting expert as to why some letter designs are more useful than others when it comes to handwriting comparisons. Numerals are also considered. The overview is directed for the alphabet as used in the British and Irish spheres, but can be extrapolated to other localities.
3

Wiarygodność dokumentów w polskim prawie karnym

88%
Płońska A.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2014
|
vol. 32
43 - 55
EN
The article presents an extremely important issue, which is the credibility of documents on the basis of Polish criminal law. The author explains the definition of a document under Article 115 § 14 of the Polish Criminal Code on the background of the concept of document within other related fields, such as criminal procedure law and criminology. The author also points out the essence and importance of the credibility of documents as a generic subject of protection of provisions contained in Chapter XXXIV of the Criminal Code, stressing also the importance of expert handwriting examination in assessing the credibility of documents.
4

Handwriting validation: results and validity of comparison materials. Case discussion

88%
Alamoreanu S., Florescu B.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 45
91-99
EN
In most cases “handwriting validation” is synonymous to “establishing the graphical structure’s author”. If this is absolutely true for the cases when handwriting samples have been created for the comparison purposes in the presence of the judicial organ, certain cases could come to the point where the presumed authors are deceased or missing, or the materi­als offered for judgment have been written on previous occasions ( also known as “free comparison samples”). Still, practice has proven the contrary to the perfect overlapping of the two expressions. In certain debates, the contradictorily phases of evidence admission comparison samples offered by one of the litigating parties are supposed to the accept accept­ance or rejection of the other part. Notary procedures though usually have no debate over the source of the comparison materials, as they generally are presented by the inheritors. Therefore, there will be no contradictorily debate upon. Romanian handwriting examina­tion practice has met certain situations when based on the uncontested initial origin of the comparison writing, experts have validated certain writing on documents in full honesty. After a certain time legal heirs have challenged in court those documents and the identi­fication reports based upon them, offering a wider and more trusted range of writing and signatures from the supposed author. One can assume that in such cases even though the validation was formally correct, the true author of the handwriting has not been identified and the wrong premise of handwriting paternity has led to a an erred legal appearance, being generated as such through mistaken comparison samples.
5
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Sędzia jako biegły pismoznawca

75%
Zadworna S.
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
|
2023
|
vol. 2(XXIII)
239-250
EN
In the presented study, the author raised the issue of the possibility of questioned document examination, including handwriting examination, by the judge in civil proceedings. The article presents both the position of doctrine and case law in this regard. Considerations in this regard included e.g. special knowledge that experts performing handwriting examinations should have, factors determining the image of handwriting and the consequences of combining the role of judge and expert in a proceeding. The article is a critical voice concerning the discussed issue.
PL
W prezentowanym opracowaniu autorka poruszyła problematykę możliwości badania prawdziwości dokumentu, w tym badania pisma ręcznego, przez sędziego w postępowaniu cywilnym. Przedstawione zostało zarówno stanowisko doktryny, jak i judykatury w tym zakresie. Rozważania w tym obszarze dotyczyły m.in. wiadomości specjalnych, jakie powinni posiadać eksperci wykonujący badania pisma ręcznego, czynników zakłócających obraz pisma oraz konsekwencji połączenia roli sędziego i biegłego w postępowaniu. Artykuł jest głosem krytycznym w odniesieniu do omawianego zagadnienia.
6

Handwriting examinations in Poland

63%
Leśniak M.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 45
37-51
EN
The present text is about situation of handwriting examinations currently in Poland. The scientific condition of handwriting examinations and the position taken in practice were presented. In context of statistical date this kind of expert’s opinion may be very sig­nificant for judicial proceedings. Meanwhile, the court decision-makers are not appropri­ately trained for making an assessment of experts’ opinions. Qualifications of handwriting experts are often poor. The dispute about scientific character of comparative examinations is continued. The system of controlling of expert’s opinions quality is not introduced. At the same time Polish scientists do a lot of interesting research on different issues concerning handwriting. Inter alia the researchers deal with: measuring of handwriting characteristics, influences somatic or mental disorders on handwriting, new techniques of graphical and comparative analysis, frequency signatures’ characteristics.
7

Selected issues in handwriting examination, graphology and their technology in document examination

63%
Cieśla R., Grębowiec-Baffoni J.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2017
|
vol. 45
63-80
EN
This article aims at introducing the complex nature of handwriting examination for judicial purposes and the resulting competences which ahandwriting expert must have. The knowledge of neurophysiological conditioning of handwriting strokes, together with the knowledge of inks, their physical and chemical reactions with surfaces on which handwriting is applied, techniques allowing their observation and acquiring clear enlarged photographic images are indispensable for acorrect expert examination, explanation of how the conclusions were arrived at and illustrating the results. Appropriate selection of techniques of acquiring images requires not only the knowledge of optical and lighting equipment but also practical skills in its appropriate use. Thus, handwriting examination combines the knowledge from various areas: neurophysiology of movement, psychology of handwriting, chemistry, physics and use of optical equipment, which together guaran­tee objective and reliable examination yielding correct results.
8
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Programy komputerowe wspomagające ekspertyzę pismoznawczą i ich praktyczne wykorzystanie

32%
Goc-Ryszawa B.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2013
|
issue 282
57-67
PL
Artykuł zawiera przegląd programów komputerowych używanych w ekspertyzach pismoznawczych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono programom wchodzącym w skład pakietu pn. GLOBALGRAF, opracowanych wspólnie przez Polskie Towarzystwo Kryminalistyczne i Uniwersytet Warszawski. Do pakietu tego wchodzą cztery programy do analizy cech strukturalnych, grafometrycznych i grafomotorycznych pisma (Kinegraf, Grafotyp, Raygraf i Scangraf). W artykule przedstawiono, na podstawie analizy spraw, w których zastosowano te programy, wyniki ekspertyz pismoznawczych, z uwzględnieniem poziomu kategoryczności rozstrzygnięć identyfikacyjnych. Zwrócono także uwagę na znaczenie programów komputerowych dla rozszerzenia zakresu analizowanych cech pisma ręcznego oraz zastosowanie programów komputerowych dla obiektywizacji i wizualizacji wyników badań pismoznawczych. Zastosowanie komputerowych metod w badaniach identyfikacyjnych pisma stwarza możliwości wykorzystania nowych parametrów grafometrycznych w ekspertyzie pismoznawczej oraz użycia parametrów już znanych, lecz ze względów praktycznych nie stosowanych lub stosowanych incydentalnie. Przyczynia się również do lepszego i pełniejszego odbioru ekspertyzy pismoznawczej w Sądach. Programy komputerowe mogą stać się bardzo przydatnym narzędziem w pracy ekspertów pisma ręcznego oraz dokumentów.
EN
The paper aims at presentation of computer programmes used in handwriting examinations. The authors pay special attention to software included in GLOBALGRAF programme package developed by Polish Forensic Association in close cooperation with the University of Warsaw. The Globalgraf package consists of four programmes designed for analysis of structural, graphometric and graphomotoric features of writing. These include: KINEGRAF, GRAFOTYP, RAYGRAF and SCANGRAF. The paper presents results of forensic handwriting examinations performed using GLOBALGRAF programme, taking into account categorical character of the opinions. In addition, the authors pay attention to significance of computer programmes in extending the scope of analysed handwriting features and application of computer based programmes in order to achieve better objectivity and visualization of the results of handwriting examinations. Application of computer based methods in handwriting examinations allows to use new graphometric parameters while performing relevant casework. It also allows to use already known parameters which, for practical reasons are hardly used or even ignored. The computer based methods also stand for a better and more comprehensive presentation of handwriting expert opinions in courts. Computer software can become a useful tool in the work of handwriting and document experts.
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