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EN
This article deals with the means of forming habits of pronunciation and correction of Russian consonants at the beginner’s level of learning Russian as a foreign language, which provides the reformatting of native language sounds into those of the Russian language in the process of mastering the dorsal system which is typical for the latter. By this means, foreign students expand the range of articulation, which contributes to the mastering of the Russian consonant system. There has been mentioned a specific feature of the articulation basis of Russian words, which lies in the ability of the vocal apparatus to easily switch from one type of articulation to another. This phenomenon becomes apparent, for instance, in the alternation of “soft” and “hard” complexes in a word, and demands intensification of formation of the audio-pronunciation habits at each of its levels. The techniques for using sound-helpers, rhythmic verses, etc. which facilitate this process have been demonstrated there. The work of the system proposed in the educational complex “First Steps: Speak, Read and Write in Russian” and “Learning to Listen to and pronounce in Russian Correctly” has been analyzed; the selection of phonetic material is determined by the logic of the Russian sound system and built in such a way that students are involved in the direct communication in Russian in the period of mastering its phonetic base. The principle of systematic use of standard phrases that have the communicative approach – in which the sounds being trained are presented in an easy-to-use phonetic position and in strict accordance with the consonants and vowels which were trained before – is explained therein. Within the limits of mastering the positional variation of consonants, special attention is paid simultaneously to overcoming difficulties in two complex phonetic points: connected pronunciation of consonant combinations at the beginning of the phonetic word and consonant assimilation by voiceless-voiced criteria. The proposed system of work favors the implementation of phonetic habits in various types of speech activity.
EN
The aim of this paper was to present the preferences of apple consumers (students) concerned on the functional and sensory apples’ quality features: the apple cultivar and taste, skin colour, fruit size and fruit firmness. The survey data were collected in the years 2009 and 2011 among 265 and 208 students of the Poznan University of Life Sciences. The respondents completed the survey questionnaires in presence of the researcher. The respondents could choose no more than three of the listed apple cultivars. Furthermore the respondents could choose one answer from each list of the preferable apples quality features (taste, skin colour, fruit size and firmness of flesh). The most preferred apple cultivars were: Lobo, Jonagold, Szampion, Golden Delicious and Cortland. The percentage of students whose did not know the name of the apple cultivar they consumed was high and it amounted to 17% in 2009 and 24% in 2011. Students preferred sweet-winy taste of apples, the red colour of fruit skin, with blush, the fruits of medium size and tough. The colour of apple skin was the least important quality feature – it did not matter for more than 1/3 of respondents, mainly males. The differences between males and females students appeared in taste of apple fruits and firmness of flesh. The sour taste of apples was preferred by relatively more males than females and for bigger percentage of males the taste of fruits was not important. More females preferred sweet and very sweet apples and tough.
PL
Celem pracy było przedstawienie preferencji konsumentów jabłek (studentów) w zakresie funkcjonalnych oraz sensorycznych cech jakościowych jabłek, takich jak: odmiana oraz smak, kolor skórki, wielkość owocu i twardość miąższu. Podstawą analizy były wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu w dwóch okresach: w 2009 roku (265 ankiet) oraz w 2011 roku (208 ankiet). Respondenci wypełniali ankietę w obecności osoby przeprowadzającej badanie. Studenci mogli wybrać maksymalnie trzy spośród wymienionych odmian jabłek lub jedną z odpowiedzi: „Nie wiem”, „Nie ma znaczenia”, „Nie jadam jabłek”, „Inne” i wpisać swoją propozycję. Ponadto respondenci mogli wybrać jedną odpowiedź z każdej listy dotyczącej preferencji w zakresie cech jakościowych jabłek (smaku, koloru skórki, wielkości owocu i twardości miąższu). Ulubionymi odmianami jabłek były: Lobo, Jonagold, Szampion, Golden Delicious i Cortland. Odsetek studentów, którzy nie znali nazwy ulubionych odmian jabłek był wysoki i wynosił 17% w 2009 roku oraz 24% w 2011 roku. Większość studentów preferowała słodko-winny smak jabłek, owoce koloru czerwonego, z rumieńcem, średniej wielkości oraz twarde. Cechą, która nie miała znaczenia dla relatywnie największego odsetka ankietowanych (ponad 1/3 ankietowanych), był kolor skórki. Różnice w preferencjach pomiędzy mężczyznami a kobietami pojawiły się w przypadku smaku jabłek oraz twardości miąższu. Kwaśny smak jabłek preferowało relatywnie więcej badanych mężczyzn, a dla większości z nich smak nie miał znaczenia. Więcej kobiet lubiło jabłka słodkie, bardzo słodkie oraz twarde.
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