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EN
The article examines a kind of community of aesthetic tastes that was connecting Arab and Byzantine courtly culture. This community concerned the secular and luxurious works of art. The silver casket, called a Saracenic-Sicilian, from the Wawel Cathedral Treasury in Cracow will serve as the starting point to gain a true appreciation of the complex artistic relationship between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world in the Middle Ages. It appears highly probable that the casket was created in the twelfth century. It was published at once after the discovery (8th March 1881) and since then, researchers argue about the place of origin of the box. Some suggest that the casket could be a product of Arabic or Persian art, while others propose either Byzantine or Sicilian workshops. What is more, even an thorough stylistic and iconographic analysis does not allow for an unambiguous resolution of the problem of provenance of the Wawel box. Lack of a resolution suggests that this piece of art was directed to a member of the cosmopolitan elite of – Arabic or Byzantine – court, which took delight in sophisticated and expensive luxury items. It is worth noting that in this case, matter of religion did not play a crucial role. For this reason, the depicted scenes and decorative details have an universal character. In order to present this specific synthesis of Arabic and Byzantine secular art, the motifs of a griffin and a hare, decorating the casket will be considered.
Verbum Vitae
|
2017
|
vol. 32
351-396
EN
The article discusses the hyrax (dassie), a small Biblical creature which over the centuries has caused translators and exegetes of the Bible many problems of identification (see Lev. 11:5; Deut. 14:7; Psalm 104:18; Prov. 30:26). Early in this process, in place of the otherwise unknown Hebrew term saphan the Septuagint translators introduced a likewise not widely-known Greek equivalent, choirogrillios. This inevitably gave rise to several different identifications, with references to the hare, hedgehog, or even hog. Over time, the resultant Biblical exegesis, based on compounded inaccuracies and misunderstandings, introduced still other misinterpretations. In this way, the one Hebrew word saphan began to be perceived as two distinct animals and commented upon as a hedgehog and a hare (Augustine). A reverse phenomenon also occurred, whereby the features of two different animals used as saphan equivalents were actually combined into one composite creature (St. Jerome). Nevertheless, the present article attempts to organise all the relevant information concerning the identification of saphan. It also lists testimonies, preserved in texts of the Church Fathers, indicating that in their day the hyrax had in fact already been identified. Unfortunately, due to the creature's limited geographical range, the readers/audience of the Bible were not usually familiar with this animal. That is why accurate information about the hyrax has not been spread and used more widely. Thus, the complicated issues concerning saphan present challenges, even today, to the researchers, scholars and authors wishing to write about it.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest góralkowi, niewielkiemu biblijnemu stworzeniu, które sprawiło w ciągu wieków wiele problemów identyfikacyjnych tłumaczom i egzegetom Biblii (zob. Kpł 11,5; Pwt 14,7; Ps 104,18; Prz 30,26). Pierwszym etapem było wprowadzenie przez tłumaczy Septuaginty w miejsce szerzej nieznanego hebrajskiego terminu szafan równie słabo kojarzonego greckiego ekwiwalentu choirogrillios. Dało to podstawy do różnych identyfikacji. Pojawiły się odniesienia do zająca, jeża, a nawet świni. Rozwijająca się egzegeza biblijna, bazująca na nieścisłościach i nieporozumieniach w tej kwestii, wprowadziła dodatkowe nieporozumienia. W ten sposób jeden hebrajski szafan zaczął być rozumiany jako dwa różne zwierzęta i komentowany jako jeż i zając (np. św. Augustyn). Doszło również do procesu odwrotnego: cechy dwóch różnych zwierząt używane jako ekwiwalenty szafana zostały skompilowane w jednym stworzeniu (św. Hieronim). Autor artykułu, który stara się uporządkować informacje związane z identyfikacją szafana, podaje starożytne świadectwa zachowane u Ojców Kościoła, które wskazują, że góralek już wtedy został zidentyfikowany. Niestety, ze względu na ograniczony obszar jego występowania i w związku z tym słabe kojarzenie tego zwierzęcia wśród czytelników/odbiorów Biblii te informacje o nim nie zostały szerzej rozpowszechnione i wykorzystane. Ta skomplikowana materia, z jaką mamy do czynienia w przypadku szafana, i dziś sprawia trudności badaczom oraz autorom chcącym odnieść się do tego zagadnienia.
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