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Setrvávání Země v Anaximandrově univerzu

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EN
Anaximander, according to Aristotle, was said to explain the persistence of the Earth in its place in the universe on the basis of symmetry. Simplicius however asserted that the Earth was also meant to be supported by air. Although the universe exhibits marked signs of symmetry, it may be assumed that the air under the Earth – in view of its significant cosmological role – really was extended. Anaximander’s conception of a universe of concentrated circles of heavenly bodies, situated around the Earth at their centre, postulated movement of bodies under the Earth as well, in opposition to cosmologies of the time. The orbit of the heavenly bodies under the level of the Earth was, then, conditioned both by their compact structure and by an inclination and demarcation of size and distance. One may, therefore, suppose that Aristotle in reality drew on information referring to Anaximander’s symmetrical universe of circles of heavenly bodies orbiting under the surface of the Earth, which, so it seemed, did not sit on air.
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Anaximandrova geometrie

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EN
According to tradition Thales brought geometry to Greece from Miletus. Although discussion of the nature of Thales’ geometry has not arrived at a consensus, it seems that the theorems formulated were retrospectively applied in his concrete measurements. So far, however, we have no information about the geometry of Thales’ pupil and successor, Anaximander of Miletus. An exception is presented in the lexicon Suda which claims that Anaximander “in general showed the basics of geometry”. This lexicon at the same time states the points at which the employment of the geometry can be discerned. Most importantly, we have the question of the gnomon, with the help of which an order of measurement is realisable. Clear signs of the application of geometry are likewise shown by Anaximander’s whole conception of cosmology: the shape of the earth and its position at the centre of the universe, and the very description of the heavenly bodies. In addition one can discern geometry involved in the map of the world and the sphere. Thus, although Anaximander is not explicitly connected with geometry, extant texts demonstrate that he significantly exploited geometrical knowledge when he connected concrete observation with the geometrical organisation of the universe as a whole.
CS
Podle tradice přenesl geometrii do Řecka Thalés z Mílétu. Ačkoli v diskusích o povaze Thalétovy geometrie nepanuje konsensus, zdá se, že zformulované teorémy byly až dodatečně uplatněny na jeho konkrétní měření. Již o Thalétově „žákovi a nástupci“, Anaximandrovi z Mílétu, však nemáme žádné zprávy, které by se týkaly geometrie. Výjimku představuje lexikon Súda, který uvádí, že Anaximandros „vůbec ukázal základy geometrie“. Lexikon zároveň vyjmenovává momenty, v nichž může být užití geometrie spatřeno. V prvé řadě se jedná o gnómón, s jehož pomocí mohla být realizována řada měření. Zřejmé znaky uplatnění geometrie vykazuje též celá Anaximandrova koncepce kosmologie: tvar Země a její umístění ve středu univerza, i samotný popis nebeských těles. Podobně lze uplatnění geometrie spatřovat za mapou světa a sférou. Ačkoli tedy Anaximandros není explicitně s geometrií spojován, dochované texty ukazují, že její poznatky významně využil, když propojil konkrétní pozorování s geometrickým uspořádáním celého univerza.
Verbum Vitae
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2020
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vol. 38
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issue 1
EN
The temporal organization of the cosmos seems to be an important, though sometimes ignored, element of the priestly creation narrative in Gen 1,1-2,4a. Its logic is based on the axis determined by the first, fourth, and seventh days of creation: the creation of luminaries, of celestial bodies, and finally the consecration of the Sabbath. In this article, the author takes up a critical reflection on the central element of the axis: the description of the fourth day of creation in Gen 1,14-19. In analyzing the structural and semantic dimensions of this text, the author emphasizes the unique place and role of the celestial bodies in the description of the created world.
PL
Organizacja kosmosu w wymiarze czasowym (temporalnym) wydaje się stanowić istotny, choć niekiedy ignorowany, element kapłańskiego opowiadania o stworzeniu (Rdz 1,1-2,4a). Jej logika opiera się na osi wyznaczonej przez pierwszy, czwarty, i siódmy dzień stworzenia: powstanie światła, stworzenie ciał niebieskich, wreszcie konsekrację szabatu. W artykule tym autor podejmuje krytyczną refleksję nad centralnym elementem osi, na której wspiera się temporalna organizacja kosmosu: opisem czwartego dnia stworzenia (Rdz 1,14-19). Analizując strukturalny i semantyczny wymiar opisu stworzenia ciał niebieskich autor uwypukla ich wyjątkowe miejsce i niepowtarzalną rolę w kapłańskim opowiadaniu o stworzeniu świata.
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