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The article discusses and analyzes the conceptual apparatus, features and concepts of heuristic learning. The ways of implementing heuristic learning at biology lessons in specialized classes, the goals, the content, the methods, the forms, the tools and its educational possibilities are outlined. It is noted that the efficiency of heuristic learning depends on the integration of all components in the educational process and ensures the students’ specialized competence, the development of creative abilities, skills of productive activity and reflexive skills. The problem of formation of readiness of the senior pupils to the choice of profession is very important in modern conditions. The need for formation of professionally significant qualities of the students of specialized classes is caused by the rapid development of biological science, intellectualization of labor integration of Ukrainian education into the international educational space. The realization of the goals of biological science is possible through the use of heuristic learning, based on the main principle of heuristics – search, discovery, create a new one. Productivity of heuristic learning is provided by: the students’ motivation for productive activity; active involvement of the students in creative activity; the interrelatedness of the forms, methods, techniques, tools with the didactic principles of developmental education; use of heuristic methods, the system of heuristic tasks while studying biology; heuristic pedagogical support activity; systematic use of heuristic methods, techniques, forms that are organically combined with the traditional heuristic and mainstreaming situations. The didactic possibilities of heuristic learning are to improve the efficiency of study, the formation of the cognitive motives, the strong system of knowledge, the students’ specialized competence, the students’ creative activity in the study of biology, providing independent creative obtaining, transformation and use of knowledge, the development of creative thinking, skills of productive activities, reflective skills and creative abilities. The prospect of further studies is to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations of the heuristic teaching of biology in specialized classes.
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Background: The paper deals with production process scheduling problem. In large companies, the decision-making process about operators’ work, machines availability and production flow is a very difficult task, which is often being done by employees. Thus, not always the decision made is optimal in terms of cost, production time, etc. Methods: As a solution, two intelligent methods: Tabu Search and the genetic algorithm have been analyzed in field of production scheduling. The aim of this work was to examine the possibility of improving presented decision-making process that is being performed when scheduling, using Tabu Search and genetic algorithms. As a result of experimental re-search, it has been confirmed that the use of appropriately selected and parameterized intelligent methods allows for the optimization of the analyzed production process due to its du-ration. The research was case of study performed in cooperation with company that produces components for automotive industry. Results: Basing on collected and analyzed data, considered methods can be more or less successfully used in production process scheduling. Comparing both used algorithms, Tabu Search twice proposed worse solutions, the average operational time was 1.63% shorter than the actual one. In this case, better results were reached by using genetic algorithm – potential operational time was always shorter than the actual one, and it was reduced by 6.3% in total on average. Conclusion: Using algorithms allowed to achieve lower workload of employees and to reduce of operational time, which were the evaluation criteria in performed research. Managers of the analyzed company were pleased with the proposed solution and declared interest in developing these methods for future. This shows that intelligent methods can find, in relatively short time, the solution that is close to the optimal and acceptable from the problem point of view.
PL
Wstęp: Artykuł opisuje problem harmonogramowania procesów produkcyjnych. W dużych przedsiębiorstwach proces podejmowania decyzji dotyczących pracy operatorów, maszyn, dostępności zasobów i przepływu produkcji jest bardzo złożonym zadaniem, często wykonywanym przez pracowników. W związku z tym podjęte decyzje nie zawsze są optymalne w kontekście kosztów, czasu produkcji itp. Metody: Jako rozwiązanie, przeanalizowane zostało użycie, w obszarze harmonogramowania produkcji, dwóch metod inteligentnych: Tabu Search i algorytmów genetycznych. Celem pracy było zbadanie możliwości doskonalenia procesu podejmowania decyzji, który jest wykonywany przy harmonogramowaniu produkcji, przy pomocy Tabu Search i algorytmów genetycznych. Jako wynik eksperymentu przeprowadzonego podczas badań, potwierdzono, że użycie odpowiednio wybranych oraz sparametryzowanych metod inteligentnych pozwala na optymalizację analizowanego procesu produkcji. Badania zostały wykonane we współpracy z przedsiębiorstwem zajmującym się produkcją komponentów dla branży motoryzacyjnej, jako studium przypadku. Wyniki: Zgodnie z zebranymi i przeanalizowanymi danymi, wybrane metody mogą być z mniejszym bądź większym powodzeniem stosowane w procesie harmonogramowania produkcji. Porównując zastosowane algorytmy, Tabu Search dwukrotnie zaproponował rozwiązanie gorsze od aktualnego podejścia przedsiębiorstwa, jednak czas produkcji został skrócony średnio o 1.63%. W tym przypadku, lepsze wyniki pozwoliło osiągnąć zastosowanie algorytmu genetycznego – potencjalny czas produkcji był zawsze krótszy od aktualnie stosowanego rozwiązania, a średni czas produkcji został zredukowany o 6.3%. Wnioski: Zastosowanie algorytmów pozwoliło na osiągnięcie niższego obciążenia pracą operatorów oraz zredukowanie czasu operacyjnego, co stanowiło kryteria oceny w przeprowadzonych badaniach. Kierownictwo analizowanego przedsiębiorstwa było zadowolone z zaproponowanych rozwiązań. Zdecydowali się na stosowanie omawianych metod w codziennym harmonogramowaniu produkcji oraz zadeklarowali zainteresowanie rozwojem stosowania metod w przyszłości. Metody inteligentne pozwalają znaleźć, w relatywnie krótkim czasie, rozwiązanie bliskie optymalnemu i akceptowalne z punktu widzenia analizowanego problemu.
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The traditional critical thinking processes are reductive, concerned with judging the true value of statements and seeking errors. Another way for the human mind is lateral thinking (literally, sideways thinking). The term was created by Edward De Bono in his book 1967 for a deliberate, systematic creative-thinking process that deliberately looks at challenges from completely different angles. By introducing specific, unconventional thinking techniques, lateral thinking enables thinkers to find novel solutions that would otherwise remain uncovered. Edward de Bono has developed a range of thinking techniques, which emphasis thinking as a learnable skill and deliberate act. One of these is Six Thinking Hats. The premise of the method is that the human brain thinks in a number of distinct ways which can be deliberately challenged, and hence planned for use in a structured way allowing one to develop tactics for thinking about particular issues. De Bono identifies six distinct directions in which the brain can be challenged. In each of these directions the brain will identify and bring into conscious thought certain aspects of issues being considered (e.g. gut instinct, pessimistic judgment, neutral facts). This none of these directions are completely natural ways of thinking, but rather how some of us already represent the results of our thinking. This article presents the main points of the Six Thinking Hats and contrasts it with three other heuristic methods: traditional brainstorming, morphological method and SWOT analysis
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