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8th-10th century hillforts in the Sudetes – exploring current state of research and observations, towards new horizons

100%
Lisowska E., Jaworski K., Piątkowski G.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2021
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vol. LVI
335-386
EN
The article presents the latest results of archaeological studies on the 8th-10th century hillforts in the Sudetes. The authors present previously unknown structures, found through the analysis of aerial scans using the ALS method. Excavation and office studies conducted since 2005 in the Sudetes also allowed for correcting the chronology of some previously known hillfort sites. The article also presents a discussion on the structures referred to as ‘quasi-hillforts’ and those considered to be destroyed. The findings are concluded by a summary of changes in the archaeological research of the early medieval Sudetes over the last 15 years, i.e. since the publication of the last monograph devoted to hillforts in this part of Central Europe.
2
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The fortified settlement from the Early and Middle Bronze Age at Maszkowice, Nowy Sącz district (Western Carpathians). Preliminary results of studies conducted in the years 2009–2012

88%
Przybyła M. S., Skoneczna M.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2011
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vol. 3
5-66
EN
Defensive settlement at Maszkowice is one of the best preserved long-lasting prehistorical sites in the Western Carpathians. What appears to be particularly interesting is the first settlement phase of the hillfort, which may be dated to the end of the Early Bronze Age and to the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1650 – 1200 BC). The results of studies on materials collected during the field research of Maria Cabalska (seasons 1959 – 1975), as well as new excavation campaigns (2010 – 2012), allow us to formulate some conclusions concerning: settlement stratigraphy, spatial distribution of Early and Middle Bronze Age materials, chronology of the subsequent building phases and cultural connections of the populations living in the upper Dunajec Valley during the earlier periods of the Bronze Age. In the context of the last mentioned question what is particularly worth attention are the relics of fortifications in a form of a dry stone wall, discovered in 2011 – 2012 and connected with the oldest building phase of the hillfort (ca. 1650 – 1500 BC).
3
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“Late Hallstatt” hillforts in the Western Carpathians: new contribution to an old discussion

88%
Danielová B. L., Markiewicz J. A., Przybyła M. S., Ledwoń J.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2021
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vol. LVI
221-256
EN
The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1–B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter.
4
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Wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko Bojná-Valy na Słowacji. Nowe interpretacje

75%
Robak Z.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2021
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issue 1 (28)
36-64
EN
The Early Medieval hillfort Bojná-Valy in Slovakia is among the best known structures of this type in Europe. Until recently, it was attributed central functions but a new hypothesis suggests that it served as a kind of barracks.
5
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Avoti augšzemes teikās un nostāstos

51%
Urtāns J.
Latvijas Zinātņu Akadēmijas Vēstis. A daļa
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2014
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vol. 68
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issue 3/4
114-121
EN
Springs are considerable landmarks of scenery marking both the profane and sacred landscapes. Springs are widely represented in oral tradition, however, much has been lost from the former spring-concerned traditions. Information about Upper Latvia’s tales and legends about springs have not been summarised yet. In total, 22 springs with cultural historical significance have been identified for now (Fig. 1), which can be divided into three groups. 1. Springs and castle mounds. In Upper Latvia most of the castle mounds date back to I millennium BC and the first centuries of I millennium AD, i.e. to the period when cattle-breeding played an essential role in food provision, and drinking water was vitally important. Feasibly, cattle were watered at a natural spring somewhere near the castle mound. Springs associated with a tradition are known near four castle mounds of Upper Latvia (Fig. 2). Quite probably, the older meaning of springs of castle mounds has been forgotten, but memories of them have been preserved in folklore in some conditional way. 2. Remedial springs. Springs had greater importance as remedial springs, which concerns 12 springs. The remedial role of the springs is indicated by their names, e.g. Health Spring, Ocular Spring. The ailments most frequently cured in springs were ocular diseases. A considerable number of tales have been registered about remedial springs. The remedial Saltupe Svētavots spring of Aknīste was very popular (Fig. 3). One of formerly most known remedial springs was Baltiņi Svētavots spring of Sēlpils in the overgrown bed of which archaeological test excavations were made (Fig. 4). 3. A spring as a mark of the cultural landscape. Springs have also the role of landmarks being a peculiar part of the scenery. This is indicated by special names of springs, stories about money sunk in springs which usually are associated with a much older mythological layer. One of the most significative Latvian scenery sites was Staburags rock, to a certain extent overshadowing the Liepavots spring that is located in its environs. The role of Upper Latvia’s springs has not disappeared today, nor even decreased, but maybe only transformed. A new folklore layer is being formed around springs, which includes also the former layers.
6
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Bird-shaped hanging bowl escutcheon from the Slavic fortress-settlement complex at Friedrichsruhe

51%
Messal S.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2021
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vol. 17
415-434
PL
W trakcie wykopalisk na terenie słowiańskiego zespołu osadniczo-grodowego we Friedrichsruhe (Lkr. Parchim, Meklemburgia-Pomorze Przednie) odkryto kilka zabytków wskazujących na obecność lokalnych elit słowiańskich. Pośród nich znajdowało się okucie misy do zawieszania z uszkiem w kształcie ptaka pochodzące z Wysp Brytyjskich (Irlandia, Anglia, Szkocja, Orkady). Jest to pierwsze tego rodzaju znalezisko występujące na obszarze Słowiańszczyzny, skłaniające do postawienia pytań o znaczenie zabytku w jego kontekście kulturowym oraz sposób rozprzestrzeniania się na obszarze wpływów Słowian.
EN
During the excavations within the fortress-settlement complex at Friedrichsruhe (Lkr. Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) several artefacts that have been found are indicating the presence of a local Slavic elite. Among these objects is a bronze bird-shaped escutcheon of a hanging bowl which comes from the British Isles (Ireland, England, Scotland, Orkney Isles). This find is the first such object from the area of Slavic settlement, shifting into focus questions as to the object’s significance within its cultural environment and the form of its distribution into the Slavic sphere.
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