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PL
Praca poświęcona jest zakładom wodoleczniczym działającym w drugiej połowie XIX w. w podszczecińskiej wsi Frauendorf (dziś: dzielnica Golęcino) oraz związanym z nimi lekarzom i nie-lekarzom. Podstawę pracy stanowią skąpe dokumenty archiwalne, które udało się zlokalizować w szczecińskim Archiwum Państwowym, dotychczas nie wykorzystywane w opracowaniach historycznych.
EN
Based on the scarce surviving documentation found in the State Archives in Szczecin, the paper below is devoted to the history of two hydrotherapeutic establishments, which operated in Frauendorf near Stettin (now: Szczecin’s district Golęcino) in the second half of the 19th century, and their owners and practitioners. The aforementioned archival documents have not been subject to historical evaluation so far.
EN
In the years 1676–1677 Szczecin, under the Swedish rule, survived two sieges by the army of the Brandenburg Elector. Especially the second one had an impact on the Royal Carolingian Gymnasium (Carolinum) functioning in the City. As a result of shellfire the buildings of the School were destroyed, and the Gymnasium ceased to function for over a year, from the end of August 1677 to the end of September 1678. The 1676–1677 crisis significantly changed the conditions and quality of the School and many other aspects of its everyday life, particularly in the first years after restoring the School to its original form. To have a closer look at the Gymnasium in the years 1679–1680 is now possible thanks to the didactic materials (so far hardly used), such as class timetables and the registers of the Carolinum students’ assignments. The aim of the present article is to indicate in which way the problems of organising classes in that period manifested themselves. An important role was played by Rector Johann Ernst Pfuel; thanks to his efforts the crisis was resolved and the School recovered its teaching reputation. First a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the staff has been carried out, next the teaching methods and the forms of work used at that time have been examined, and finally the relationship between the teaching crisis and the situation of the students has been investigated. In the light of the 1679 register of students’ assignments and the 1680 class timetable it has turned out that it had not been the destruction of the School buildings (highlighted in the literature) that was the main reason of its problems. The factor of the strongest impact was the poor quality of the teaching staff. And it was the reason of restricting the teaching programmes, which was minimised by the Rector’s engagement. And the number of students began to grow fast. As a result of diverse activities the Szczecin School survived the crisis and in the subsequent years reached its high standards again.
PL
W latach 1676–1677 Szczecin, pozostający pod kontrolą władz szwedzkich, przeżył dwa oblężenia armii elektora brandenburskiego. Szczególnie drugie z nich przyniosło istotne konsekwencje dla działającego w mieście Królewskiego Gimnazjum Karolińskiego. W wyniku ostrzałów artyleryjskich zniszczone zostały między innymi zabudowania uczelni, której dydaktyczna działalność zamarła na okres ponad roku – od końca sierpnia 1677 roku do końca września 1678 roku. Konsekwencje kryzysu z lat 1676–1677 znacząco wpływały na warunki i jakość pracy szkoły oraz wiele aspektów jej codziennego życia, szczególnie w pierwszych latach po przywróceniu działalności. Na bliższą obserwację stanu uczelni w latach 1679–1680 pozwalają, wykorzystywane dotąd w nikłym stopniu, materiały dydaktyczne – plany zajęć oraz wykazy prac uczniów Carolinum. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób objawiały się problemy w funkcjonowaniu zajęć dydaktycznych w tym okresie. Istotną rolę odgrywa także zaobserwowanie działań rektora Johanna Ernsta Pfuela, co przyczyniło się do przełamania kryzysu i odzyskania przez szkołę wysokiego poziomu dydaktycznego. W rozważaniach przedstawiono najpierw analizę ilościową i jakościową kadry, dalej omówiono sposoby nauczania i formy pracy stosowane w tym okresie, na koniec poddano refleksji kwestię zależności między kryzysem dydaktycznym a sytuacją uczniów Carolinum. W świetle analizy wykazu prac za rok 1679 i planu zajęć na 1680 rok okazało się, że nie tyle zniszczenia bazy materialnej uczelni, podkreślane na ogół w literaturze przedmiotu, stanowiły główną trudność w funkcjonowaniu uczelni. Czynnikiem, który najmocniej zagrażał stabilności jej działania był katastrofalny stan kadry dydaktycznej. Wpłynęło to również na ograniczenia realizowanego programu nauczania, co jednak było minimalizowane dzięki dydaktycznemu zaangażowaniu rektora. Dość szybko natomiast poprawiła się liczebność uczniów Carolinum. W efekcie różnorodnych działań szczecińska szkoła przetrwała kryzys dydaktyczny i w ciągu kilku lat powróciła do wysokich standardów funkcjonowania.
EN
The Prussian province of Pomerania (German: Provinz Pommern) was one of the bastions of the Nazi (National Socialist) movement. A fter J anuary 3 0th, 1933 w hen Hitler assumed power in Germany, the Nazi authorities from Szczecin (German: Stettin), capital of the Province, headed by Gauleiter Wilhelm Karpenstein, and later by Franz Schwede-Coburg, began introducing the new order based on terror and ‘standardisation’ of the social life. In order to testify to the unity of the German nation, the authorities held numerous mass rallies, where the region’s NSDAP leaders gave speeches, which were broadcast; they also staged marches with torches of the party organisations and of the SA (Sturmabteilung, English: Storm Detachment or Assault Division, or Brownshirts). Yet the most important propagandist event was Hitler’s visit to Szczecin on June 12th, 1938 on the occasion of the Congress of the Pomeranian NSDAP (German: Gautreffen Pommern). Führer’s visit has some implications even today, as many inhabitants of Szczecin believe that Hitler is still an Honorary Citizen of Szczecin. The title was conferred to him as early as April 4th, 1933, but Hitler collected the title during his visit to Szczecin five years later. Hitler’s stay in Szczecin was to elevate the status of the Pomeranian Province on the political and economic map of the Third Reich, and the status of the policy of the local authorities who promoted the image of Pomerania as a ‘bastion of the German character’, a ‘borderline province’ and the eastern granary of the Reich. The objective of the article has been to analyse Führer’s visit to Szczecin, its genesis and its political significance for the city and the province, based on the most important Szczecin’s periodical during the period of the Third Reich, “Pommersche Zeitung”. The visit was a wonderful occasion for the periodical’s agitators to blatantly disseminate the cult of Hitler in a spirit of National Socialism, which led to political indoctrination of the local Germans who were taught to be ready to sacrifice everything and to be thoughtlessly faithful to Hitler.
EN
When Tadeusz Białecki fi nished his university studies in 1958, he decided to settle in Szczecin which he had visited in complicated circumstances several times before; as a result he has been living here for the last 55 years. For all that time Professor Białecki has expanded and broadened his historical knowledge; and he has concentrated his academic interest on Szczecin, at the same time promulgating the acquired knowledge. The article presents the research space (editorial as well) of T. Białecki in which he dealt with the West-Pomeranian capital; as he worked in the Regional and Municipal Public Library, later in the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski), and fi nally as he created his masterwork, ‘Szczecin Encyclopaedia’ (Encyklopedia Szczecina). In the meantime, he wrote a few monographs and hundreds of articles concerning the history of Szczecin, and several collective works, among which a special attention should be paid to the Fourth Volume of the ‘History of Szczecin’ (Historia Szczecina), edited together with Professor Zygmunt Silski. Extensive parts of both the ‘History of Szczecin’ and ‘Szczecin Encyclopaedia’, were written by Professor Białecki, but what is more he set the tone of the narrative related to the history of the city to which he has been attached emotionally and intellectually. It seems quite positive that the academic production of Professor Białecki is of great value and no future researcher could ignore it.
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