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Naczelnicy więzień w Rawiczu i Wronkach 1945-1956

100%

Bedyński K.

Archiwum Kryminologii

2009

issue XXXI

345-387

The prison system being organised since August 1944, became a part of the Ministry of Public Security. Such a solution, dictated by political considerations, copied the Soviet model, which treated the prison guard as a part of the armed organ of the government. Identification of prison staff with the Ministry of Safety was expressed in the wording of official vows made by the guards which started: "I, a public safety officer". This unity was stressed for decades in prison staff politics, in employee certificates, and in the assessment of the implementation of tasks assigned to prison guards. The primary task put in words on the 4th of October 1944 by Boleslaw Bierut was "to render harmless those who oppose the program of PKWN [the communist Committee of National Liberation]." This directive and the subsequent resolutions and decisions of the party (PPR, PZPR) and ministries (MBP, MSW) requiring repressive treatment of political prisoners was noted in the subordinate units as a political and official license for brutality and sadism towards such prisoners. Since the beginning of the postwar system of prison system detention centres, prison and labor camps were places of repression and extermination of the citizens who were considered political opponents. Apart from the repressive measures the prison system also performed an oppressive function towards society, which was to serve the pacification pro-independence feelings. Since November 1944, the prisoners started to be classified into one of the following groups: common criminals, Volksdeutsches, persons cooperating with Germans, anti-state. Since February 1945, the term "anti-state prisoner" started to define an accused (convicted) associated with the AK and NSZ [anti-communist military organizations], war criminals and collaborators. Putting the former soldiers of the AK, NSZ, and BCH with the rest of prisoners stigmatised them, and was a part of an affliction and persecution. In practice, their status was lower (worse) than the status of other prisoners, particularly Germans. In the fifties, the rules for classification of the convicted changed twice, each time worsening the situation of political prisoners. Based on the principle of so-called unity of jurisdiction and performance required tougher sentences along with accordingly tougher prison treatment. Types of prisons corresponded to prisoners’ classification. In April 1945, eight major prisons were singled out, where the political prisoners were consigned after judgment. In January 1946, two large prison units were given the status of the central prisons, namely the facilities in Rawicz and Wronki. They retained the status of objects for political prisoners until 1956. The essential precondition for the problem and repressive and exterminative nature of these prisons was appointment of the positions of a chief, his deputy, and heads of special (operational) and political-educational departments.

Udział policji państwowej w realizacji polityki penitencjarnej w Polsce w latach 1919-1939

72%

Sprengel B.

Archiwum Kryminologii

2014

issue XXXVI

227-257

The circumstances in which the Civil Police assumed responsibility for convoy and protection duties on behalf of the justice system until 1939 (in practice, until now). The legal and financial aspects of performing convoy and isolation functions on behalf of the Department of Justice. The unsuccessful attempts to transfer these tasks to the Prison Guard. The methods and tactics deployed in performing convoy and protection duties towards criminal and political prisoners. Convoys on foot and by train and other means of transport. Chronic occurrences and extraordinary events during convoys. How fulfilling these duties effected the Police’s other statutory obligations. The role of isolation in Police arrests. The prevailing conditions. The rights and duties of prisoners. The supervision of prisoners. Extraordinary events and chronic occurrences. The function and purpose of police holding cells for juveniles. Their isolation and rehabilitation functions. The Civil Police in performing their duties in connection with municipal arrests. Police assistance to the Prison Guard in extraordinary situations, especially riots. Protecting prisoners from external attacks. Searching for escaped prisoners. Operational and evidentiary work. Operational and procedural activities against people attempting to communicate with prisoners. Civil Police operational work in prisons. Information exchange between the Civil Police and the Prison Guard. The practice of prison authorities informing the police about people released from prison and the legal basis for doing so. The attitude of politicians and the press to the Civil Police carrying out functions on behalf of the prison service.

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2 Archiwum Kryminologii

1 Bedyński K.

1 Sprengel B.

1 2014

1 2009

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Naczelnicy więzień w Rawiczu i Wronkach 1945-1956

Udział policji państwowej w realizacji polityki penitencjarnej w Polsce w latach 1919-1939