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Afterthoughts on biases in history perception

100%
Dymkowski M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2010
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vol. 41
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issue 2
84-90
EN
Contemporary social psychology describes various deformations of processing social information leading to distortions of knowledge about other people. What is more, a person in everyday life refers to lay convictions and ideas common in his/ her cultural environment that distort his/her perceptions. Therefore it is difficult to be surprised that authors of narrations in which participants of history are presented use easily available common-sense psychology, deforming images of both the participants of history and their activities, as well as the sequence of events determined by these activities. Which cognitive biases, how often, and in what intensity they will be presented in historical narrations depend on statements of dominating common-sense psychology. The article outlines some biases made by historian-lay psychologists, such as attributional asymmetry or hindsight effects, whose occurrence in their thinking, as formed in the cultural sphere of the West, influences history perception and conducted historical interpretations.
2

Buławy średniowieczne z ul. Sławkowskiej 17 w Krakowie

88%
Puziuk J., Tyniec A.
Materiały Archeologiczne
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2013
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vol. 39
33-53
EN
Two almost complete maces were found in the cesspit. Paleobotanical analysis of the shafts confirmed that they have been made from the wood of a common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). In the collection of maces from the territory of Poland, spherical or pear-shaped heads are rarely encountered. A much more numerous collection, especially of spherical heads, was discovered in Bulgaria, Rus’, Hungary. Maces with spherical or pear-shaped heads can also be found in medieval iconographic representations. In Polish iconography: they appear in the painting and on coins. Can also be found in iconography from Spain, Italy and Armenia. Basing on archaeological and iconographic analogies, the lower chronological limit for those artefacts from Kraków can be determined in the 11th/12th century, while the upper ought to be the 2nd half of the 15th century. Is rather difficult to assume, without any doubt, that maces found in cities constituted individual weapons of their inhabitants. Military maces were primarily knight’s arms, though they could have been re-used as weapon by lower classes of society, in the same way as clubs which were used for fighting by knights, burgesses and commoners, such weapons appeared also as objects of trade exchange, or weaponry used by foreign armies while invading cities cannot be overlooked. In the case of maces found in Kraków might have served as tools in committing a crime, and being material evidence of the offence (corpus delicti) they had been left behind by the perpetrators wishing to avoid punishment for their misdeed.
3
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Przyczynek do badań nad genezą i rozwojem odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej

63%
Jóźwiak P.
Themis Polska Nova
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2015
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issue 2(9)
165-179
EN
The article is the issue of disciplinary responsibility in a historical perspective. This issue was already developed earlier by Professor Zbigniew Leoński in his book concerning disciplinary responsibility from 1959. So this article is merely a komplement of these findings taking into account the earliest times (antiquity) and the latest (second half of the twentieth century) which professor Z. Leoński did not include or could not have included in his study. In the remaining field the most important findings of professor Z. Leoński were appointed.
4
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Prosincová ústava v kontextu diachronní komparatistiky

63%
Kysela J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2017
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vol. 156
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issue 12
1043-1059
EN
From all the constitutions in effect in the territory of today’s Czech Republic, no one was in force longer than the December Constitution of 1867. It formed the experience of the creators and implementers of the Constitution of 1920, which served as a model for the current Constitution of the Czech Republic from 1992. The article firstly introduces the essence of historical comparative law and outlines the possibilities of its use. Further, it points out its importance in Czech constitutionalism, especially due to the role of the Constitution of 1920. The rest of the article outlines the basic consistencies and differences in the form and nature of the constitutions from 1867 and 1992. In the conclusion, we find a “case study” demonstrating the influence of the wording and practice of the December Constitution on the structure of Parliament and the delegation of legislative power.
CS
Prosincová ústava z roku 1867 je dodnes nejdéle platnou ústavou působící na našem území. Formovala zkušenosti tvůrců i realizátorů ústavní listiny z roku 1920, jež byla vzorovým dokumentem pro současnou Ústavu ČR. V článku je nejdříve představena podstata historické komparatistiky a jsou nastíněny možnosti jejího využití. Dále je poukázáno na její význam v české konstitucionalistice, zvláště kvůli roli ústavní listiny z roku 1920. V další části článku jsou načrtnuty základní shody a rozdíly v podobě a povaze ústav z let 1867 a 1992. Závěr patří „případové studii“, která ukazuje vliv litery a praxe prosincové ústavy na strukturu parlamentu a zákonodárnou delegaci.
5
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Augustine’s Theolog(ies) of Creation: Simultaneous Creation, ‘Seminal Seeds’, and Genesis 1-3

63%
McCall B. L.
Studia Ełckie
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2022
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vol. 24
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issue 2
EN
Are Augustine’s views of creation still relevant today, after the scientific revolution, and especially post-Darwin? Surely, much of his interpretation cannot withstand the onslaught of modernity and its concomitant increase in scientific knowledge. Perhaps not, but we can still learn from Augustine. It is a modern myth that the scientific revolution alone began-or forced-the church to come up with interpretations that were amenable to the science of their time. Augustine is a prime example of this “wrestling with the Divine”. However, we cannot go to Augustine with the hopes of settling the debate on origins and scriptural interpretation. Augustine erred mightily when he sought to use the bible as a proverbial science textbook. In this essay, we will encounter a presentation of Augustine’s theolog(ies) of creation through examining his views of “seminal seeds”, simultaneous creation, and his interpretive acrobatics with regard to Genesis 1–3. Whereas his initial persuasion on this matter was sound, Augustine nevertheless contradicted it in his own writings, to our corporate detriment.
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