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WEWNĘTRZNA RACJONALNOŚĆ NAUK HISTORYCZNYCH

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KURPANIK S.
Historia@Teoria
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2017
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vol. 2
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issue 4
95-108
EN
Th is article is an att empt to show a possible way to fi nd out, what kind of rationality characterizes history. It bases on philosophical assumption that idea of rationality is always directly connected with idea of truth. Th is connection was presented in the article as an argument for treating the notion of historical truth as the right basis for analyze rationality of history. In light of modern theory of history, historical truth can be see from angle of the notion of truth proposed by Hilary Putnam and Willard Van Orman Quine. It means that it can be understand as the internal truth: truth dependent on its context. In accordance with main assumption, this fact allows history to try to think about its own rationality in similar way: to defi ne it as internal (contextual) rationality, which accurately mirrors the individual character of historical cognition. Th e article points out theoretical problems potentially connected with above conception of rationality. Question, whether history has ability to analyze the rationality by its own instruments, was underlined as one of the most important.
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Pojem a teorie charismatu Maxe Webera v recepci sociálních a historických věd

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Rychterová P.
Dějiny - Teorie - Kritika (History - Theory - Criticism)
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2006
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vol. 3
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issue 2
191-202
EN
The concept of charismatic authority and charismatic leadership as developed in the works of Max Weber remains a controversial issue in the social sciences. The article considers selected chapters in the story of the impact of the concept, particularly in relation to the historical sciences. From the beginning there has been problematisation of the term itself, especially its original meaning in the sense of charisma as gifts of the Holy Spirit - derived from the New Testament especially the Epistles of St. Paul. Other problems arise from the contemporary use of the word, since with the development of the modern media the term charisma has been taken over into journalistic newspeak, the language of commercial and political marketing and the pseudo-scientific jargon of psychological-esoteric popular educational literature. Responses to the Weberian concept of charisma in current sociology and in historical sciences move between these two poles. Most recently the question of charismatically legitimated authority has been taken up by medievalists, and is proving fruitful in a number of areas.
CS
Pojem charismatické autority a charismatického vůdcovství, tak jak byl rozvinut v dílech Maxe Webera, zůstává v sociálních vědách kontroverzním tématem. Článek pojednává vybrané případy dopadu tohoto pojmu, zejména ve vztahu k historickým vědám. Samotný termín charisma byl od počátku problematizován, především ve svém původním významu jako dar Boží - což vycházelo z Nového zákona a především Listů apoštola Pavla. Další obtíže vzešly ze současného užívání pojmu, protože s rozvojem moderních médií pronikl termín charisma do novinářského newspeaku, jazyka komerčního a politického marketingu a pseudovědeckého žargonu populární psychologicko-esoterické vzdělávací literatury. V dnešní sociologii a historických vědách se reakce na Weberův pojem charismatu pohybuje mezi těmito dvěma póly. V poslední době byla otázka charismaticky legitimizované autority převzata medievalisty a ukazuje se jako přínosná v mnoha oblastech.
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Wyjaśnianie za pomocą praw przyrody jako warunek naukowości w sporze o ewolucję i inteligentny projekt

51%
Sagan D.
Studia Philosophiae Christianae
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2013
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vol. 49
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issue 1
93-116
EN
According to intelligent design theory, certain biological and cosmic phenomena were designed by an intelligent being, which could just as well be natural and supernatural, and this design can be detected scientifically. Critics claim that this theory is unscientific because it does not invoke the laws of nature in its explanations, but rather the purported actions of a designer, which violate these laws. However, this objection seems unsound. Intelligent design theory could be recognized as an instance of the so-called historical science, in which explanation by the laws of nature plays, at most, a subsidiary role and its main focus is on seeking out individual causes of individual effects. The requirement to invoke the laws of nature would also be a threat to evolutionary biology, which is another instance of historical science. Moreover, it could be shown that – contrary to the crtitis’ claims – the actions of a possible designer (even a supernatural one) in the world should not immediately be seen as inherent to a violation of the laws of nature, and even if it were the case, the conclusion of design could be well justified.
PL
Zgodnie z teorią inteligentnego projektu pewne zjawiska biologiczne i kosmiczne zostały zaprojektowane przez istotę inteligentną, która równie dobrze może być naturalna, jak nadnaturalna, a projekt ten jest wykrywalny naukowo. Krytycy twierdzą jednak, że teoria ta nie jest naukowa, gdyż w swoich wyjaśnieniach nie odwołuje się do praw przyrody, lecz do rzekomych działań projektanta, które te prawa łamią. Zarzut ten wydaje się jednak chybiony. Teorię inteligentnego projektu można zaliczyć do tzw. nauk historycznych, w których wyjaśnianie za pomocą praw przyrody odgrywa co najwyżej pomocniczą rolę, zaś główny nacisk kładziony jest na poszukiwanie jednostkowych przyczyn dla jednostkowych skutków. Wymóg odwoływania się do praw przyrody godziłby też w biologię ewolucyjną, która również ma charakter nauki historycznej. Można ponadto wykazać, że – wbrew twierdzeniom krytyków – działanie ewentualnego projektanta (nawet nadnaturalnego) w świecie nie musi nieodłącznie wiązać się z łamaniem praw przyrody, a nawet gdyby tak było, to wniosek o projekcie i tak mógłby być dobrze uzasadniony.
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