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1

Polish analytical chemistry – its history since 1945

100%
Hulanicki A.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2014
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vol. 59
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issue 2
63-85
EN
After World War II, the analytical chemistry, as many other fields of science, required rebuilding from bases, both in terms of the research staff, as well as, the laboratory facilities. This paper discusses the emergence of new academic centres and organizational structures of the Committee of Analytical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, whose mission was a scientific co-operation enabling the retrieval of new research achievements, representing a lasting contribution to the global achievements of analytical chemistry. This paper also includes the presentation of the most important achievements of the Committee of Analytical Chemistry and the activities of 17 late researchers, analytical chemists, and in particular of Wiktor Kemula, Jerzy Minczewski and Andrzej Waksmundzki.
2
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Hrabiego Michała Jana Borcha analizy wód mineralnych Sycylii

80%
Siemion I. Z., Latko B.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2015
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vol. 24
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issue 2(47)
7-21
EN
The paper describes analysis of mineral water in Sicily, performed in 1777 by Michał Jan Borch, during his travel to Sicily ad Malta. Borch analyzed waters of about 30 mineral springs and classified waters according to their chemical properties. The results of these investigations were published by Borch as separate chapter of his book Mineralogy Sicilienne, Docimastique and Metallurgique (Turin 1780). in the paper the Polish translation of this chapter. The work of Borch is an interesting example of the of Polish researchers activity in the early scientific investigations in Europe.
3

Od Marii Skłodowskie-Curie do współczesnych technologii radiacyjnyc

80%
Głuszewski W., Zagórski Z. P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2012
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vol. 57
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issue 1
71-88
EN
The article was written on the occasion of the 100. anniversary of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Maria Skłodowska-Curie. The United Nations General Assembly honoured this event by announcing the year 2011 the International Year of Chemistry. Maria Skłodowska-Curie was i.a. the initiator of radiation chemistry, a branch of science analyzing the chemical effects that matter shows when exposed to ionizing radiation. The development of this branch resulted in radiation technologies` applications in many fields of industry, medicine, agriculture, protection of the environment, space research and science. Our point of departure was the article Sur l`étude des courbes de probabilité relatives à l`action des rayons X sur les bacilles that Maria Skłodowska-Curie published in 1929 in the Bulletin of the Académie des sciences. In this study, she presented - for the first time ever - the curves of the so called radiation inactivation, i.e. the relationship between the bacteria life expectancy and the dose of radiation absorbed by it. From the today`s point of view, it can be stated that the researcher laid the foundations of the methods of radiation sterilization and material processing by means of radiation. In this context, we recall the history of the first accelerator installation devised and built in 1968 at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in Warsaw. Basing on experiences with the linear electron accelerator, the LAE 13/9 was completed in 1992 as the so far only Polish industrial installation for radiation sterilization of medical products and transplants as well as for food irradiation.
4

Tadeusz Tucholski (1898-1940). Przyczynek do biografii naukowej

80%
Tucholska-Załuska H.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2014
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vol. 59
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issue 2
87–138
EN
Assistant professor Tadeusz Tucholski, Ph.D. (1898-1940), murdered in Katyń, was one of the most outstanding representatives of the younger generation of Polish physical chemist scholars of the interwar period. He published over 30 scientific papers in the field of physical and chemical properties of explosions, kinetics and catalysis and also toxicology and forensics. These researches were partly performed at the University of Poznań, in the period 1926-1939, at the Faculty of Medicineof the Department of Physics where Tucholski was employed as a senior assistant and was the closest associate of professor S. Kalandyk, partly at the Department of Forensic Medicine headed by professor S. Horoszkiewicz in the chemical- toxicological laboratory which Tucholski ran in the years 1931-1939, partly at the Warsaw University of Technology in the Department of Explosives Technology of the Faculty of Chemistry headed by professor T. Urbański, where he had been lecturing "On the latest theories of explosives” since 1937 and in 1934-35 in Cambridge, as a teaching fellow of the National Culture Fund, in Colloid Science Laboratory headed by professor E.K. Rideal. In 1903 Tucholski moved with his parents to Zabaykalye, in 1911 - to Brazil. He returned to Poland in 1920, joined the Polish Army and with the 14th Polish Medium Regiment fought on the fronts of the Polish-Bolshevik War. He was drafted to the School of Pyrotechnics Foremen at Corps District Command number VII (Poznań). After graduating, Tucholski remained on active duty as a professional pyrotechnic: from 1921 to 1929 he was appointed the head of the Laboratory of Chemical and Pyrotechnic Ammunition Workshop No. 2 in Poznań and as an inspector of magazines of explosives. In 1927 he was transferred to the reserve, in 1932 after having graduated from the Officer Cadet School in Jarocin, Tucholski was appointed a second lieutenant in the Army Reserve, and later moved from the officers infantry corps to the army ordnance corps. As part of his specialty, he constantly cooperated with the army. In the years 1937-1939, Tucholski was a technical adviser to the Ministry of Military Affairs and from August 1939 - an independent researcher at the Institute of Armament Technology. He took part in the works of the Explosives Commission of the Military Technical Society. Tadeusz Tucholski was a self-taught man. He passed his A-level exams in course of his military service in October 1923 and began studying chemistry at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University of Poznań. He obtained his Master's degree in 1927, the rank and the degree of Ph.D. in the field of chemical sciences and physics in 1930. In 1936, he became the Associate Professor of physical chemistry of explosives at the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Technology in Warsaw. Tucholski invented the method of the differential thermal analysis. He is the author of the widely used differential calorimeter which records the processes of conversion of explosives during heating, presently known as the Differential Scanning Calorimeter.
5

Maria Skłodowska-Curie – jej chemia w setną rocznicę drugiej Nagrody Nobla

70%
Zagórski Z. P., Kornacka E.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2012
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vol. 57
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issue 1
39-70
EN
The article presents from the perspective of one hundred years the work of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, which in many cases was ahead of the state of knowledge of the time. It opened new horizons and for this reason we made many digressions. The fact of awarding her the Nobel Prize twice is a sensation enough to present the values of careful activity of the Nobel Prize Committee that emphasizes the importance of Maria's achievements. A significant element of Maria Skłodowska-Curie's achievements was still mysterious character of the radiation in her time, and only chemical approach made it possible to organise the phenomena and explain the origin of the radiation. The essence of the research was an arduous separation of components following the track of growing radiation of successive fractions of preparations. This research was a start of the technology of educement of dispersed elements in great mass of materials. We underline the paramount role of the chemical research Maria Skłodowska conducted while still in Warsaw in the laboratories of the Museum of Industry and Agriculture under the guidance of an excellent chemist Józef Jerzy Boguski. Her research in Paris was the origin of the semi-commercial scale in chemistry and setting aside a special shed outside the university building was the beginning of the institutes that now function beyond universities and are key element of scientific and technical progress. Technology of splitting developed by Maria Skłodowska-Curie was applied also by other radiochemists, e.g. By Otto Hahn. Lively movement in radiochemistry of her lifetime resulted in Maria's disputes with e.g. German chemist Marckwald, who questioned the originality of polonium. The scientific disputes like this one Maria won triumphantly although in several others she had to accept opponents' argument, as in the case of radon. Her experiments were planned with utmost rationality as it was with the rejection of the hypothesis saying that radioactivity was transferred from the outer space or from the sun. A great part of Maria Skłodowska-Curie's work was connected with biology which was demonstrated by describing in mathematical terms, for the first time in the history of radiobiology, nonexistent at that time, of the phenomenon of inactivation of bacteria by ionizing radiation. We emphasize difficult conditions for the health of the radiochemists of the time but we don’t find any proof that there was any influence of ionizing radiation on Maria’s health. She must have absorbed much greater doses of radiation during her heroic work in the mobile radiological surgery at the front of the 1st World War. We don’t think it’s appropriate to speculate rashly about contamination with alpha emitters. Unfortunately, due to her family’s protest it was impossible to collect samples of remains before their relocation to the Pantheon in Paris.
6
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Związki Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego z farmacją

61%
Urbanik M.
Opuscula Musealia
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2019
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vol. 26
35-44
EN
Jędrzej Śniadecki owed his first contact with pharmacy to Jan Andrzej Szaster (1746–1793), a pharmacist from Kraków and the owner of a pharmacy called “Pod Słońcem”(“Under the Sun”), the first professor of pharmacy and medical matters in Poland. It took place during Śniadecki’s studies at the Principal School of the Realm in Kraków. He broadened his knowledge of medicinal products during his studies abroad. Upon his arrival in Vilnius in 1797, he became the head of the department of chemistry and pharmacy at Vilnius University, where he taught pharmacy in the years 1797–1804. Handwritten texts of his lectures have been preserved in the Archive, thanks to which we can precisely understand their scope today. On behalf of the university, Jędrzej Śniadecki managed the transformation of the former Jesuit Pharmacy into the University Pharmacy.
7

Maria Skłodowska-Curie i Pierre Curie w epokowym roku 1898

51%
Wielogórski Z.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2012
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vol. 57
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issue 1
23-38
EN
For many reasons the year 1898 was unusual for Maria Skłodowska-Curie and her husband. After defining the subject of the doctoral thesis and choosing Henri Becqerel as thesis supervisor, Maria started intensive experimental work. In the allotted room called storeroom, in conditions that were far too inadequate, they managed to put up a unique measuring equipment composed of instruments whose originator was Pierre Curie. In the ionization chamber and in the piezoelectric quartz charges formed, whose mutual neutralization was shown by the quadrant electrometer. Ionization current, which was measured quantitatively, was proportional to the radiation of the sample. Studying many elements, their compounds and minerals enabled Maria to state that uranium is not the only element endowed with the power of radiation; the second one turned out to be thorium. Anomaly detected in the radiation of uranium minerals made it possible for Maria to draw an extremely important conclusion: radioactive uranium and thorium are not the only elements endowed with such an attribute. Pitchblende, which was studied by the Curie couple, had to contain also other radioactive substances. Gustave Bémont also participated in the chemical analysis of the uranium ore and it is worth reminding that he was involved in the discovery of polonium and uranium. The phenomenon of radioactivity couldn’t have been explained if it was not for the sources of strong radioactivity. Those sources undoubtedly could have been the discovered elements but their scanty content in the uranium ore made their isolation very difficult and laborious. Access to industrial remains after procession of pitchblende from Jachymov (Sankt Joachimstahl), obtained owing to the mediation of Eduard Suess, provided the source of this raw material. From it, in a shack also called le hangar , the Curie couple isolated the first samples of the radium salt. This element, later extracted by discoverers on a grand scale and handed over in a various forms to researchers and institutions, became a foundation of physics and chemistry of radioactive elements.
8

Krótka historia kodyfikacji na rzecz chemii przyjaznej środowisku

41%
Krasnodębski M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2022
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issue 2
33–64
EN
Since the beginning of the 1990s, environmental protection has played an increasingly important role both in the chemical industry and in the scientific work of chemists in the academic world. A noteworthy feature of the so-called green chemistry and sustainable chemistry is the emphasis that practitioners of both disciplines lay on codifying the principles, rules, and characteristics that environmentally friendly chemical reactions and processes should meet. These codifications have a complicated epistemological status: they aim to set the criteria of ‘greenness’, indicate the direction of scientific development, and build the foundations for new research programs. While the most famous of these codifications are the twelve principles of green chemistry developed in the United States in 1998, successive attempts to codify a new type of environmentally friendly chemistry have been regularly made over the last twenty years – not only in the United States but also in Germany. Starting with American green chemistry, through German ‘soft chemistry’ (sanfte Chemie) and chemistry for sustainable development, and ending with circular chemistry, this article is an attempt to familiarize the Polish reader with this new tool in the work of researchers and engineers. Its purpose is to pay particular attention to the context of the creation and interpretation of consecutive sets of rules of a new type of chemistry and the challenges related to their application.
9

Z historii odkrycia pierwiastków ziem rzadkich

41%
Karas M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 4
101–121
EN
With reference to the existing literature, the article reviews the history of discovering rare-earth elements (lanthanides) from the late 18th to the mid-20th century. By outlining the main stages of this story, the author analyzes biographies of chemists, presents the geography of discoveries and the development of analytical methods in inorganic chemistry. The text also mentions the scientific errors and disputes between scholars. From the perspective of the philosophy of science, this history is an important example of the mutual relationship between empirical knowledge and its theoretical justification in science.
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