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Leon Wachholz, zapomniany polski kryminolog

100%

Widacki J.

Archiwum Kryminologii

2018

issue XL

523-534

Leon Wachholz (1867-1942) was a professor of forensic medicine at the JagiellonianUniversity, Cracow (Poland).He made his way into the history of forensic sciences as an eminent specialistin forensic medicine, promoter of experimental methods and a teacher of a wholegeneration of Polish professors of forensic medicine. He tutored professors: Jan Ol -brycht (Cracow), Włodzimierz Sieradzki (Lwów), Stefan Horoszkiewicz (Poznań), andwrote the first modern Polish handbook of forensic medicine, published in Cracowin 1899.Leon Wachholz was also a historian of medicine, the author of many interestingarticles in the field, whereas his scientific achievements in the field of criminology,although attractive and valuable, now remain practically unknown.Nevertheless, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was typical of forensicmedicine professors to deal with criminology. Those who did include pioneers of contemporary criminology, to mention for example Cesare Lombroso in Italy or Alexand reLacassange in France. Therefore, Wachholz’s interest in criminology was natural forhis time.Wachholz’s first work in criminology was the higher doctorate (“habilitation”)lecture O obłędzie moralnym z punktu widzenia antropologii kryminalnej (“On moralinsanity from the point of view of criminal anthropology”), published in 1894.His most valuable contributions to criminology include Wojna a zbrodnia (“Warand crime”), published in 1922 in Poland and Germany, and Alkoholizm a przestępstwo(“Alcoholism and crime”), published in 1927.Other notable works in criminology, more exactly in forensic sexuology, includedO przewrotnym popędzie płciowym (“On perversive sexual drive”), published in 1892,and O morderstwie z lubieżności (“Murder motivated by sex”, in German: “Der Lustmord”),published in 1900.Both above-mentioned works show a visible influence of Richard von Krafft-Ebing(author of the famous Psychopathia sexualis), in whose Viennese clinic Wachholz heldan internship immediately after graduation.Wachholz’s point of view on the aetiology of crime was expressed in the bookMedycyna kryminalna (“Medicine for investigators”) written together with Professor Jan Olbrycht, as well as in the extensive eulogy published after the death of CesareLombroso (1910).Wachholz’s works in criminology prove that the his view on the aetiology of crimeand the criminal gradually evolved. Why do people commit crime and acts of violence?As far as he seemed to follow the individual (anthropological, biological aspects,like Cesare Lombroso or Richard von Krafft-Ebing), in his later works he appreciatedthe impact of social factors on crime (e.g. Alexandre Lacassange, Gabriel Tarde or Franzvon Liszt). Ultimately, his views placed him among positivists-multicausalists such asEnrico Ferri. Later, in the early 1930s, having read Johann Lange and Heinrich Kranzon the criminality of twins, he remained within the realm of multicausality, yet wasready to recognise the biological, individual element as dominant.Towards the end of his life, in 1937, Wachholz formulated his original theoryof criminality, which he called “The Right of Contrast” (in Polish: prawo kontrastu).Making some reference to metaphysics and categories of “good” and “evil”, he divergedfrom the fundamental foundations of positivism, which he had followed nearly for allhis scientific life.

Opinia biegłego w słynnych procesach przeciwko kobietom

73%

Kędzierska G.

Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych

2016

issue 1(1)

84-100

The term “indications of knowledge” used in the content of the procedural principle of free appraisal of evidence refers to the judicial body using scientific developments in the area of criminal proceedings. The expert’s opinion, based on the current state of knowledge, is in such cases of utmost importance. However, whatever the expert’s opinion evidence, it will not be bound by the courts. So how important are the opinions of experts in settling the doubts in a criminal case? As was shown by the analysis of several well-known trials against women, the research capacity of the expert witness always corresponded to the state of science in a relevant historical period. Unfortunately, sometimes the expert witness’s opinion was not able to clear up doubts and resulted in finding a defendant not guilty. Occasionally, it was erroneous and the perpetrator was identified only as a result of coincidence. In some cases the opinion led to acquitting one person and finding another one guilty, or the opinion was not taken into account by the court at all. Nevertheless, in most cases scientific findings of the expert witness presented in an opinion dispelled the doubts of the court which significantly influenced sentencing.

Sformułowanie „wskazań wiedzy”, zawarte w treści procesowej zasady swo-bodnej oceny dowodów, odnosi się do wykorzystania przez organ procesowy osiągnięć nauki w postępowaniu karnym. Kluczowa jest tutaj opinia biegłego oparta na badaniach zgodnych z aktualnym stanem nauki. Niezależnie jed-nak od wyniku badań prezentowanego w opinii, nigdy nie jest ona wiążąca dla sądu. Jakie więc, jest znaczenie opinii biegłego dla rozstrzygnięcia istot-nych wątpliwości występujących w danej sprawie? Opinia biegłego zawsze miała znaczenie adekwatne do stanu nauki w danym okresie historycznym. Wraz z rozwojem nauki rosły możliwości badawcze biegłego, ustalanie oko-liczności zdarzenia pozwalało rozstrzygać więcej wątpliwości. Z perspektywy przestępczości kobiet w słynnych procesach, opinie biegłych czasem nie po-trafiły rozstrzygnąć wątpliwości i dawały uniewinnienie oskarżonym, bywały mylne i dopiero zbieg okoliczności decydował o ustaleniu sprawcy, prowadzi-ły do obarczenia winą jednej osoby i uniewinnienia drugiej, zdarzało się, że nie były brane pod uwagę co skutkowało surowym wyrokiem, najczęściej jednak dawały możliwość wymierzenia kary.

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1 Archiwum Kryminologii

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Leon Wachholz, zapomniany polski kryminolog

Opinia biegłego w słynnych procesach przeciwko kobietom