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Lire pour vivre: French Cultural History of Reading and Its Reception in Recent Czech Historiography

100%
Kašparová J.
Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)
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2007
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vol. 20-21
209-235
EN
This article deals with the origin and development of the academic discipline of history of reading and reading practices, originating in connection with new historical thinking in French historiography from the mid-twentieth century, with the so called Annales School or the nouvelle histoire. The history of book culture ceased to be understood as the traditional concept of merely history of the book and book printing; book studies were enriched by a sociological dimension and encompassed the history of reading, of reading materials, and of readers’ practices. The article sums up the results of French research and surveys the most substantial works, institutions and personalities which contributed to the origin of the new discipline, especially with the ideas of Roger Chartier. In his works, Chartier rejects both the view which does not take into account the period’s social, political and cultural practices in which the work originated and which explains the text only on the basis of the impersonal and automatic operation of the language (the history of the book without authors and readers), and also the psychologising approaches, which on the other hand attempt to interpret the origin of the text as the act of an author’s creative genius. An analysis of the form and the content of the oral, manuscript and printed texts (the method of noting or ordering of the text in the space given by the origin of the book – that is, in the context of a page, its layout, etc.) is inseparable from the study of history of the reader’s appropriations. Chartier borrowed the term appropriation from sociologists, but its application in the field of book studies makes it easier to recognise and explain phenomena such as the concept of ‘popular culture’ (in the sense of a certain method of using texts, transforming them and adapting them to the needs of the subsequent communities), which has led him to study texts which were in some way exceptional and those which were widely received. An important accomplishment by Chartier is the differentiation between two basic types of readers’ practices – intensive, oral reading; and extensive, visual reading. The transition from one form to the other was gradual and fluent and made possible the coexistence of both types. He then interprets the history of the book as the history of readers’ practices, and divides it into three basic stages – trois revolutions – in the development of writing and reading (the emergence of the codex; the expansion of silent reading as a consequence of the discovery of book printing and the associated rise of mass book production in the second half of the eighteenth century; and the rise of computer technology and internet reading and writing). Chartier concentrated his research primarily on the behaviour and activity of the reader, but this does not mean he understands readership practices only as the mere ‘anthropological’ history of reading methods, attitudes and gestures, and of reading spaces. A number of human factors took part in the production of the text, its circulation and interpretation (from the author in the widest sense of the word, through the editor, patron, printer, publisher and bookseller or colporteur as far as the reader), which are set into the specific historical situation and determined politically, socially and culturally. This article indicates in what ways the research of French and world historiography in the fi eld of the history of book culture can inspire Czech book studies, which still undervalues new trends aimed at the study of reading materials and readership practices and, unlike the general historiography, it does not take into account the new approaches in the spirit of the Annales School, is not even very much aware of such study (there is no institutional background in the Czech Republic able to develop such research consistently). Nevertheless, certain fundamentals of a newly and more widely concept of book studies have been posed. Chartier’s key works have still not been translated into Czech, but in 2007 the internationally famous and popular publication by the renowned specialist Albert Manguel, The History of Reading, at least came out in Czech translation. The author is convinced that research into the history of Czech book culture should continue both in classical book studies research aimed at the up to now partly unmapped history of book printing and history of book production (in spite of the recently published monumental Encyklopedie knihy by Petr Voit), and in research concerning the history of reading and reading materials, readership reception and readership practices.
2
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The Library of Varlaam Shyshatsky in the Context of a ‘Reading Revolution’ in the Ukrainian Lands (Second Half of the 18th – Early 19th Centuries)

100%
POSOKHOVA L., KOWALIK-BYLICKA J.
Historia i Świat
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2022
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issue 11
219-236
EN
Varlaam Shyshatsky (1750-1821) was a prominent figure in the Russian Orthodox Church. In this article, the author’s focus is on his personal library – one of the most substantial book collections in Eastern Europe in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries, which has never been analyzed before. The article not only analyzes the composition of Varlaam Shyshatsky’s library, but also compares this collection with the personal libraries of other figures belonging to the same social group. The analysis is grounded in the broad context of the history of reading and book culture in Europe. Based on a number of criteria, it is concluded that significant changes in the culture of reading took place in the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th century – first and foremost the emergence of ‘extensive’ reading and development of a number of new cultural practices among the ‘enlightened elite’. The composition of the library of Varlaam Shyshatsky also attests to the cultural uniqueness of the region and argues in favor of the thesis about the existence of a ‘Ukrainian Enlightenment’ as a phenomenon with national and regional specifics of its own.
3

„Orator futurus”. Fabiana Birkowskiego lektura Ciceronianusa Pierre’a de la Ramée

75%
Choptiany M.
Roczniki Biblioteczne
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2014
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vol. 58
3 - 26
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse the marginalia left by Fabian Birkowski (1566–1636) in a copy of Peter Ramus’s treatise Ciceronianus. The copy has been preserved in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków (shelfmark St. Dr. 590232 I) and also contains notes by Jan Brożek added a few decades later. In the article I demonstrate how Birkowski used the treatise by the French reformer of rhetoric, when he taught classical languages at the Kraków Academy, and how the image of Cicero as well as the reflections on imitating his style presented in the treatise may have influenced Birkowski’s views on the history and theory of rhetoric.
4
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Między lekturą a notatnikiem. Noty rękopiśmienne w książce drukowanej jako materiał badawczy

63%
Gryzio B.
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
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2022
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vol. 16
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issue 1
107-121
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest fenomen zapisków rękopiśmiennych na kartach starodruków. Ze względu na zdumiewającą różnorodność zapiski te stanowią materiał źródłowy przedstawiający duży potencjał badawczy, wykraczający poza historię lektury i historię książki jako takiej. Wykorzystując dotychczasowe obserwacje uzyskane w badaniach z autopsji z zastosowaniem metody proweniencyjnej autorka przedstawia studium trzech przykładów oraz wnioski dotyczące typów aktywności piśmienniczej właścicieli i użytkowników książki zabytkowej w kontekście ich indywidualnego podejścia do książki i lektury. Problematykę przedstawiono na podstawie materiałów starodrucznych ze zbiorów PAN Biblioteki Gdańskiej, wskazując jednocześnie na kwestie metodologiczne związane z pozyskiwaniem informacji proweniencyjnych z kolekcji starych druków, które w omawianym aspekcie pozostają wciąż niedostatecznie opracowanymi zasobami danych o charakterze źródłowym.
EN
The subject of the article is the phenomenon of handwritten notes on the pages of old prints. Due to their astonishing variety, these notes constitute source material with great research potential, well beyond the history of reading and the history of the book as such. Using the previous observations obtained in the autopsy research with the use of the provenance method, the author presents a study of three examples and conclusions regarding the types of writing activity of owners and users of an antique book in the context of their individual approach to the book and reading. The issues were presented based on old prints materials from the collections of the Polish Academy of Sciences of the Gdańsk Library, taking into account the methodological issues related to obtaining provenance information from the collection of old prints, which in the discussed aspect are still insufficiently developed source data resources.
5
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Buchbesitz und geistiger Horizont. Zur Rekonstruktion frühneuzeitlicher Privatbibliotheken

51%
Furrer N.
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
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2016
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issue 10
79-94
PL
Artykuł przedstawia propozycję metodologiczną wykorzystania inwentarzy spuścizn (ruchomości, licytacji) przy rekonstrukcji szwajcarskich bibliotek domowych z XVII-XVIII w. Autor zawarł w nim schemat postępowania badawczego opartego na nieznanych polskim księgoznawcom materiałach źródłowych pochodzących z archiwów kantonów Berno, Vaud, Jura, Neuchâtel i Solothurn. Zawierają one informacje na temat księgozbiorów prywatnych istniejących w badanym okresie zarówno w protestanckich, jak i katolickich, niemiecko- i francuskojęzycznych regionach Szwajcarii, w miastach i na wsi, których właściciele reprezentowali różne warstwy, grupy społeczne i zawody. Autor podkreśla, że rekonstrukcja dawnych bibliotek osobistych (lub prywatnych), ich typologia, liczebność, struktura tematyczna, funkcjonalna, językowa, a także aktualność (z punktu widzenia stosunku ilościowego dzieł starych do nowych) powinna prowadzić do określenia funkcji książki, lektury w życiu ich właścicieli. Umożliwić rozpoznanie ich horyzontów duchowych, zwłaszcza osób, które nie należały do ówczesnej elity umysłowej. Takie badania pozwalają również na uchwycenie tendencji rozwoju intelektualnego i kulturalnego społeczeństw w przeszłości.
EN
The article presents methodological proposition of using auction lists and inventories of an estate to the reconstruction of 17th-18th centuries’ home libraries. Author proposes the scheme of methodological proceeding relied on source materials unknown to Polish book studies’ scholars and stemmed from the archives of the cantons of Bern, Vaud, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn Stoutt. These archives contain information on private book collections existing in discussed period, both in protestant and catholic retomgions of German- and French language parts of Switzerland, in the rural areas and in the cities, where the owners represented differentiated social milieus, social classes and occupations. Author stresses that reconstruction of personal (or private) libraries, their typology, numeral amount, their thematic, language, functional structure as well as topicality (seen as the balance between older books and newer ones) should lead to defi ning function of the book and reading in everyday life of libraries’ owners. Such a libraries’ reconstruction should also make possible diagnosing their owners’ mindscape, specifi cally persons, who did not belong to intellectual elite of the times. These kind of research enables also to seizing the trends in intellectual and cultural development of the past societies.
DE
Will man den „geistigen Horizonts” unserer Vorfahren historisch erforschen, kann man nach ihrem Buchbesitz fragen: Sag mir was Du liest, und ich sage Dir, wer Du – geistig – bist! Wie erfahren wir, welche Bücher bestimmte Menschen besassen? Insbesondere, wenn diese Menschen nicht jener schreibenden Elite angehörten, die verschiedenste Spuren ihres Lesens und anderer intellektueller Aktivitäten hinterlassen hat. Zum persönlichen Buchbesitz in der Frühen Neuzeit fi nden sich oftmals Informationen in Nachlass- und Versteigerungsinventaren, von denen in verschiedenen Archiven der Schweiz längere Serien existieren, die um die Mitte des 17. oder im frühen 18. Jahrhundert einsetzen. Was man diesen Quellen entziehen kann, sind Listen von Buchtiteln. Will man diese Listen historisch analysieren, muss man aus ihnen – virtuell – Bibliotheken rekonstruieren. Wie werden Bibliotheksrekonstruktionen gemacht? Welche Elemente soll die Rekonstruktion enthalten? Welches Maß an Vollständigkeit bei der Beschreibung der Werke ist erstrebenswert? Wie sollen die Werke angeordnet und wie die Bibliothek dargestellt werden? Neben Forschungsstrategien braucht es auch Forschungstechniken, den Umgang mit einer Anzahl spezifi scher Arbeitsinstrumente. Bibliotheksrekonstruktionen ergeben untereinander vergleichbare Forschungsobjekte, auf die verschiedenste Analyseraster angelegt werden können. Erfolg versprechend scheinen insbesondere Raster zur Analyse des geistigen Horizonts der Buchbesitzer: sei es Menschen aller Art an einem bestimmten Ort, sei es eine bestimmte Kategorie von Menschen – Pfarrherren, Kaufl eute, Handwerker, Adlige, Bauern; Frauen – an verschiedenen Orten.
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