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Importance of capital intensity in horticulture

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EN
Although horticulture is an integral part of agriculture it has several distinguishing characteristics resulting from its potentially higher profitability and different use of the basic production factors, such as land, labour and capital. The common features of horticultural farms are the high level of real fixed assets in the structure of assets and high capital intensity of production. Therefore, the main goal of the article is to define the importance of the capital intensity in horticulture production. An effective tool to calculate the suitable for the individual needs of real fixed assets level should facilitate permanent monitoring of the production in terms of the economic calculation in order to optimize the range of the producers’ investment so that they could avoid a financial loss.
PL
Chociaż ogrodnictwo stanowi integralną część rolnictwa, wyróżnia je nie tylko potencjalnie wyższa dochodowość, lecz także odmienny sposób wykorzystania podstawowych czynników produkcji, takich jak: ziemia, praca i kapitał. Cechą wspólną gospodarstw ogrodniczych jest wysoki poziom rzeczowych aktywów trwałych w strukturze majątku oraz duża kapitałochłonność produkcji. Z tego względu głównym celem artykułu jest określenie znaczenia kapitałochłonności w produkcji ogrodniczej. Skuteczne narzędzie do kalkulowania odpowiedniego do indywidualnych potrzeb poziomu środków trwałych powinno ułatwić producentom stałe kontrolowanie produkcji w kategoriach rachunku ekonomicznego, aby zoptymalizować wielkość ich inwestycji celem uniknięcia strat finansowych.
EN
One of the key issues in evaluating the financial condition of a company is the analysis of assets in relation to the due indebtedness, i.e., short-term obligations. Liquidity ratios calculated in sucha manner help in the drawing of conclusions on the liquidity of the enterprise and its ability to pay its short-term liabilities. This paper examines the financial liquidity in 2005-2007 of a horticultural enterprise, producing and selling food, based on information available in the balance sheet, income statement, and the cash flow statement, as published in the company’s financial reports. The company was selected using the following criteria: location in Lower Silesia, Poland, in a municipal-rural commune, and operating in the agricultural-food sector. The study was based on business books of the examined company. The economic analysis involved mainly the financial liquidity ratios. Additionally, descriptive and comparative methods were used to characterize and interpret the results. The results of the study show that the company had a good financial situation and had no problems with payment of current obligations without waiting for accounts receivable or de-stocking. Additionally, liquidity analysis based on transfers from its operating activity showed that the obligations of the examined company could be covered by money obtained during its operating activities.
EN
The tradition of the hermit orders emerged within the first two hundred years of Christianity, but it was st. Benedict who initiated the idea of the convent life based on the self-sufficiency and common living, improved during the 6th century. St. Benedict referred in a particular way to the words of Christ: „I was a stranger and you invited me in [...], I was sick and you looked after me” (Matthew 25:35–36). By putting the emphasis on warm hospitality for all of the travelers from different states and respect for the ill people, his philosophy shaped few types of monastic gardens. Among the other gardens there were: herbal (medical), kailyard and the orchard/graveyard. The input of the convents in the development of the horticulture is huge if consider the progress and dissemination of plant production, but also land cultivation, its fertilization, restoration and irrigation. The orders were leaders in techniques of management and usage of waters, forests, keeping the vineyards, orchards, and utilitarian and recreational gardens. The widespread of botanical and medical knowledge by collecting, copying and illustrating manuscripts is also owed to the convents. Many abbots had solid knowledge of gardening, but also of medicine according to st. Benedict. In particular, the Benedictines and Cistersians influenced the development of farming and gardening by expanding the boundaries of inhabited areas. A lot of convents were taking care of ill people, giving the beginning of hospital institutions. The monks’ records contain many useful information concerning the botanical knowledge and medical use of plants. This knowledge, however, has no Christian roots as it was transferred to the European grounds along with the inflow of the ancient Latin treaties to the Christian culture. What have left as a legacy of antiquity, and what was an important starting point for further development of the horticulure as a science, are four complete works on agriculture and one encyclopedic work containing botanical books on agriculture, gardening, and materia medica. A significant progress of the horticulture as an applied science have brought the times of Charles The Great, and several prominent brothers. It is worth to mention here the names of: Alcuin – the abbot of st. Martin monastery, the famous Benedict of Aniane – the abbot of Languedoc (considered as the author of the Capitulare de villis plant list), Gozbert of St. Gall, abbot Haito of Reichenau, but also the only women among the above mentioned – Hildegard of Bingen. Through their letters, plans, and even poems (Hortulus – the poem of Walafrid Strabo), it is now known a lot more about medieval monastic gardens, their composition, spatial structure, the species of cultivated plants, and their importance for contemporary people. The useful plants were highly valued at that time, not only as the healthy groceries, but also for their importance for medieval spirituality as the spiritual and symbolic value, sometimes even magical. It was believed that each plant was created with a purpose, having added specific values, to serve man. Many plants intented for human consumption were also considered to be sanative. In particular, it concerned fruits and vegetables considered as higly therapeutic, so they were used in specially composed diets, i.a. in presented in detail in the article diet, based on the so-called theory of liquids. The author of this article, sharing the information about the importance of garden and the developing practical science of horticulture in medieval orders, is trying to give answer, which plants were grown in the medieval monastic gardens, which forms of cultivation and gardening practices were used, and reflects her thoughts on the problem of protecting the legacy of monastic garden art in the contemporary world.
EN
Changes in thermal and precipitation impacts to enviromental and economical conditions. Poland, who is one of fruits producer in Europe, can be fell changing in horticulture context. Statistical analysis on the basis of thermal-percipitation data from meteorogical station in Łącko, which is one on the oldest horticulture in Poland. This mountain region is unique in the country. However, the occurring thermal inversion and the microclimate makes horticulture to a very advanced level. Thermal and rainfall conditions may be change the nature of the land development in the future. The analyse results showed that thermal-precipitations changing fastest occur in summer season, next in spring. We increasingly recorded heat waves and hot days, which may cause economic losses. However, the occurrence of frosty and very frosty days is decreasing.
PL
Zmiany termiczno-opadowe każdego obszaru wpływają na jego pozostałe warunki środowiskowe i ekonomiczne. Polska, będąca jednym z głównych producentów owoców w Europie, może odczuć te zmiany w kontekście sadowniczym. Podstawą analiza statystycznej były dane termiczno-opadowe ze stacji meteorologicznej w Łącku, głównej miejscowości jednego z najstarszych regionów sadowniczych. Region ten jest ewenementem na skalę kraju. Górski klimat, który tam panuje, nie powinien sprzyjać rozwojowi sadownictwa. Jednak występująca inwersja termiczna oraz wytworzony miejscowy mikroklimat sprawia, że sadownictwo jest na wysokim poziomie. Jednak zmiany warunków termiczno-opadowych mogą zmodyfikować charakter zagospodarowania terenu w przyszłości. Wyniki analizy wykazały, że zmiany termiczne najszybciej zachodzą w sezonie letnim, a następnie wiosennym. Coraz częściej rejestruje się fale upałów oraz dni gorące i upalne, które mogą powodować straty ekonomiczne. Zmniejsza się natomiast występowanie dni mroźnych i bardzo mroźnych.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja czasopism, które omawiały zagadnienia dotyczące uprawy, sadownictwa, ogrodnictwa i hodowli w Sandomierzu. Ramy czasowe obejmują prasę ukazującą się w latach 1829–2022. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej wyszczególniono tytuły pism ukazujących się w Sandomierzu w latach 1829–1939, w których podejmowano tematykę dotyczącą rolnictwa lub hodowli. Druga część prezentuje czasopisma poruszające tę tematykę, wychodzące w Sandomierzu w latach 1945–2022. Autorka wskazała, że problematyka związana z szeroko rozumianym rolnictwem w Sandomierzu i regionie była nie tylko przedmiotem refleksji w lokalnej prasie ukazującej się po transformacji ustrojowej, ale stała się tematem naukowej i popularnonaukowej myśli.
EN
The purpose of the article is to present the periodicals that discussed issues of cultivation, fruit farming, horticulture and animal breeding in Sandomierz. The time frame covers newspapers published between 1829–2022. The article consists of two parts. The first provides the titles of periodicals published in Sandomierz between 1829–1939, which addressed topics related to agriculture or livestock farming. The second part presents periodicals covering this subject matter that were printed in Sandomierz from 1945–2022. The author indicates that issues related to agriculture in Sandomierz and in the region were not only reflected in the local press published after the political transformation, but became the subject of scholarly and popular-scientific reflection.
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
|
2023
|
vol. 14
|
issue 2
115-140
EN
The increasing environmental changes and the progressive climate crisis are forcing a constant search for the causes of the problem. It is seen not only in technological progress, industrialization and consumptionism, but in man’s negative attitudes towards nature. One of its solutions is the formation of a new pro-ecological attitude, which operates not only in the natural, but also in the social and cultural context. A manifestation of contemporary ecological thought are gardens, which have now acquired the status of a timeless ecological topos and are becoming an ecosymbol of man's relationship with the environment. In this sense, gardens are a place of coexistence between man and nature, which is treated as a common home - an oikos. The purpose of this article is to explain the contemporary idea of ecological gardens and to try to trace their origins in Roman agronomic literature and medieval gardens. In addition, to relate the garden practices and solutions of the time to the modern ecological meaning.
PL
Nasilające się coraz bardziej zmiany środowiskowe i postępujący kryzys klimatyczny zmuszają do ciągłego poszukiwania przyczyn tego problemu. Upatrywany jest on nie tylko w postępie technicznym, industrializacji i konsumpcjonizmie, ale w negatywnym podejściu człowieka do natury. Jednym z jego rozwiązań jest kształtowanie nowej postawy proekologicznej, która funkcjonuje nie tylko w wymiarze przyrodniczym, ale też społecznym i kulturowym. Przejawem współczesnej myśli ekologicznej są ogrody, które zyskały obecnie status ponadczasowego ekologicznego toposu i stają się ekosymbolem relacji człowieka ze środowiskiem. W tym rozumieniu ogrody są miejscem współżycia człowieka z naturą, która jest traktowana jako wspólny dom - oikos. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wyjaśnienie współczesnej idei ogrodów ekologicznych oraz próba odnalezienia ich genezy w rzymskiej literaturze agronomicznej oraz ogrodach średniowiecznych. Ponadto odniesienie ówczesnych praktyk i rozwiązań ogrodowych do współczesnego znaczenia ekologicznego.
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