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EN
The following essay is dedicated to a particular way of the creation of space and places by Grabinski in his novels. These spaces can be both analysed as an action scenes and as an important part of the story building up the overall horror atmosphere. An aptly constructed space can evoke the impression of fear and danger. Together with other irrational incidents in the storis, space co-creates the very atmosphere in the novels by Stefan Grabinski. It must not, however, be forgotten that this space can as well be fully meaningful by itself. The evil houses play a particular horror-bearing role in the Grabinski's literary creations. It is said that such literary figures represent a hidden core of the human nature, as if they were two emmanations of the personality's structure combining both the waking life and the sphere of dreaming. Space so originally thought by Grabinski is a means to their symbolic presentations as weird, unconscious yet always active reality.
Umění (Art)
|
2013
|
vol. LXI
|
issue 1
33-56
EN
Right after the Second World War, two collective houses were built in the industrial towns of Litvínov and Zlín in what was then Czechoslovakia. Each building provided housing for families, a central dining hall, a nursery school, and a wide array of cultural and social services, all under just one roof. The architectural precursors of these two buildings were found in the USSR, Swedenand France, but the Czech koldomy (collective houses) originated independently of their counterparts abroad. They drew on sociological concepts of industrial towns developed by the management of the Baťa shoemaking enterprise in Zlín during the Nazi occupation. Inspired by German industrial sociology, the Baťa Company were looking at that time for ways in which to maintain social solidarity, stability, and the moral profile of its employees. The company’s management concluded that collective houses would be better than the garden city model of housing at generating social solidarity. This form of construction was well suited to the country’s new political-economic direction after 1945, which combined elements of capitalism, corporatism, and state socialism, and left industrial enterprises a certain degree of freedom in the area of social policy. The management of the national chemical enterprise Stalin Works wanted the construction of collective housing in Litvínov to signal the humanistic dimension of industrial enterprises in the socialist state. The rapid industrialisation of Czechoslovakia after 1948 ultimately led to the failure of both buildings. The mass relocation of employees broke down the stability of workplace collectives, and the voluntary emancipation of women through work, expressed in architectural form in both collective buildings, was supplanted by the forced feminisation of the labour force. Collective housing was met with little support even among architects, who found that the social goals of the state could be better fulfilled by cheap prefab housing estates than by the romantically singular collective houses.
CS
Hned po druhé světové válce vznikly v Litvínově a Zlíně, dvou českých průmyslových centrech, dva kolektivní domy. Oba pod jednou střechou spojovaly rodinné bydlení, ústřední jídelny, školky a širokou nabídku kulturních a společenských zařízení. Architektonické předchůdce obou realizací najdeme v SSSR, Švédsku či Francii. České koldomy se ovšem zrodily nezávisle na těchto zahraničních vzorech. Oba čerpaly ze sociologických konceptů průmyslových měst, které vypracoval management zlínského podniku Baťa v krizovém období nacistické okupace. Firma Baťa, inspirovaná německou průmyslovou sociologií, tehdy hledala cesty, jak zajistit sociální soudržnost, stabilitu a mravní profil své zaměstnanecké základny. Vedení podniku usoudilo, že kolektivní domy jsou schopné generovat sociální integritu lépe, než to dokázal model zahradního města. Výstavbě českých koldomů po roce 1945 nahrával nový politicko-ekonomický kurz země, který spojoval prvky kapitalismu, korporativismu a státního socialismu a který průmyslovým koncernům ponechával jistou míru svobody ohledně podob sociální péče. Vedení Stalinových závodů a firmy Baťa chtělo výstavbou koldomů v Litvínově a Zlíně vyjádřit především humanistický rozměr průmyslového podniku v obrozeném státě. Překotná industrializace Československa po roce 1948 vedla nakonec k nezdaru obou realizací. Hromadné přesuny zaměstnanců nabourávaly stabilitu pracovních kolektivů a dobrovolnou pracovní emancipaci žen, architektonicky vyjádřenou v obou koldomech, vystřídala násilná feminizace pracovních týmů. Kolektivní domy nenašly silnou oporu ani u architektů, pro něž sociální cíle státu naplňovala levná prefabrikovaná sídliště lépe, než to dokázaly romantické unikáty koldomů.
EN
Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2018 comprised research and conservation mainly in the public district of the ancient town and, additionally, in private houses. Work focused foremost on research and presentation of remains of two streets, running east and south of the southeastern corner of the main town square, and the adjoining monuments. Research and conservation continued also on the remains of public Roman baths dating from the 1st to the 3rd century AD, located in the area south of the square. Maintenance conservation was carried out in Houses H21c and H1 and in the ancient town center. Land grading to enhance exhibition value and ensure rainwater drainage was carried out in some areas.
EN
Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2017 comprised research and conservation in the public district of the ancient town as well as in private houses. Work focused foremost on research and exhibition of the remains of a street running east of the southeastern corner of the main town square and monuments in the area of the square itself. Research and conservation continued also in the area south of the square, concentrating on the remains of public Roman baths dating from the 1st to the 3rd century AD. Maintenance conservation was carried out in private houses and in the ancient town center
EN
Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2014 and 2015 included research and conservation in the public district of the ancient town as well as in private houses. The emphasis was foremost on research, conservation and exhibition of monuments in the area north of the central town square, especially the remains of public baths dating from the Hellenistic period. Research and conservation continued also in the area south of the central square, concentrating on the remains of Roman baths in use from the 2nd to the 4th century AD. Current maintenance and conservation were carried out in private houses and in the area south of the central square.
EN
This article constitutes an analysis of the depiction of houses in Jonathan Lethem’s 2003 novel The Fortress of Solitude, universally labeled a novel of gentrification. It is my contention that despite being criticized for its alleged celebration of the process the text nevertheless paints a more nuanced picture of gentrification. It does so through the depiction of houses—t he titular brownstones of this essay—that function both as a synecdoche for a larger neighborhood or community that they are situated in and as a reflection of the dynamics of the family units that occupy them.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę opisów domów w wydanej w 2003 r. powieści Jonathana Lethema Twierdza samotności. Uznana za powieść o gentryfikacji i szeroko krytykowana za rzekomą jej celebrację, powieść szkicuje dużo bardziej wyważony obraz procesów gentryfikacji. Dzieje się tak dzięki reprezentacjom domów, tytułowych brooklyńskich kamienic, które funkcjonują zarówno jako synekdocha okolicy czy społeczności, w której się znajdują, oraz jako odbicie dynamiki rodzin je zamieszkujących.
EN
Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2016 included research and conservation in the public district of the ancient town as well as in private houses. Work focused foremost on research, conservation and exhibition of monuments in the central town square, especially the remains of a peristyle adjacent from the east, and the southern portico of the square itself. Research and conservation continued also in the area north of the central square, concentrating on the remains of public baths dating from the Hellenistic period and, on the south, on the remnants of Roman baths in use from the 2nd to the 3rd century AD. Maintenance conservation was carried out in private houses, in both baths complexes and in the eastern and southern area of the central square.
EN
Archeological work in the 2012 and 2013 seasons in Jiyeh (Porphyreon), which lies on the Phoenician coast north of ancient Sidon, was focused on reconstructing the history of settlement on the site. At least three phases were identified and dated to the Iron Age II, the Persian– Hellenistic–Roman period and late antiquity. The early dating of the functioning of the Christian basilica to the 4th–5th century AD was also confirmed in trial pits. The complex and unusual sewage installation discharging rainwater from the roofs and streets of the 5th-century settlement contributed important data for studies of late antique domestic architecture in the region.
PL
W artykule podjęto zagadnienia związane z dziewiętnastowiecznymi zbiorami pieśni i piosenek adresowanymi do dzieci i młodzieży. Omówiono formy edytorskie charakterystyczne dla tego gatunku dziecięcej książki użytkowej oraz zawartość ważniejszych śpiewników funkcjonujących w tym czasie w obiegu czytelniczym i muzycznym. Zwrócono uwagę na funkcje, jakie te wydawnictwa pełniły w wychowaniu i edukacji młodego pokolenia, a także cele, jakim służyły. Przedstawiono firmy wydawnicze i ich działalność w zakresie produkcji śpiewników dla dzieci i młodzieży.
EN
This article presents the issues of the 19th – century collection of cantos and songs for children and youth. The types of songbooks were presented and the content of more important songbooks functioning at that time was discussed. The article points out the role of publishing houses which they had on upbringing and education of young generation. The publishing houses were presented and their activity in production of songbooks for children and youth. Editorial forms typical for this genre of children’s practical books were discussed.
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