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EN
The normative definition of poaching became a part of the domestic legal order along with the implementation of the Act on the Hunting Law of 13 October 1995. Making use of the circumstance whether a given act of poaching, as a differentiating criterion, is sanctioned by criminal or criminal-administrative responsibility, permits to isolate two contexts of the term ‘poaching’. In a broad sense it will overlap with its normative definition accepted in art. 4 par. 3 of the Hunting Law, whereas poaching proper (sensu stricto) will concern only these behaviours 12 that are intended to take possession of game in the manner which is not hunting or by violating the conditions of admissibility of hunting, which – at the same time – exhaust the signs of a crime or an offence aimed at protection of animals. Among the regulations which typify acts of this kind, the basic role in fighting the hunting crime is played by art. 53 item 4 of the Hunting Law, which penalizes execution of hunting by people who do not hold relevant licences to do so. The changes that followed in consequence of the amendment of the Hunting Law in 2004 were an expression of the legislator’s wish to separate the question of being licensed to hunt from the requirement of holding relevant documents while performing it. An unintended consequence of that move has been, however, a general exclusion of penalization of hunting without relevant authorization. With reference to hunters, the charge of violation of art. 53 item 4 of the Hunting Law can concern exclusively the case of hunting performed by them despite the lack of ‘relevant’ licence. Thus, on the basis of it this can be a non-falconer who hunts with a bird of prey, or a non-selector hunting for males of the fallow-deer who can be held responsible. On the other hand, situations that are particularly vital from the point of view of threat posed to animals, ones that consist in execution of hunting by hunters who do not hold a licence issued by the tenant or administrator of the district remain outside the objective range of influence of the regulation.
PL
Autorka przedstawia specyficzny rodzaj aktywności, jaką było w wiekach średnich i wczesnym renesansie polowanie. Analizuje zaobserwowany w wybranych tekstach źródłowych sposób ujęcia tematu, i stara się stwierdzić, czy polowanie było traktowane również jako aktywność fizyczna. Podstawę źródłową tych rozważań stanowią: łaciński poemat Mikołaja Hussowskiego Carmen de statura, feritate ac venatione bisontis (Pieśń o żubrze), dwa staroangielskie traktaty łowieckie Juliany Berners On Hunting (O myślistwie) i On Hawkin (O sokolnictwie) oraz łaciński traktat o sokolnictwie De arte venandi cum avibus (O sztuce polowania z ptakami) autorstwa niemieckiego cesarza Fryderyka II Hohenstaufa. Dzieła Juliany Berners zostały napisane w formie praktycznych i raczej pobieżnych poradników skupiających się przede wszystkim na zagadnieniach terminologii używanej w łowiectwie i sokolnictwie. Traktat cesarza Fryderyka to praca naukowa, ukazująca ogrom wiedzy przyrodniczej autora. Według niego sokolnictwo to sztuka, w której siła umysłu i charakteru człowieka pozwala zapanować nad dzikimi i drapieżnymi ptakami. W Pieśni o żubrze Hussowskiego na plan pierwszy przebija się przede wszystkim zachwyt nad pięknem i potęgą ojczystej przyrody. Udział w polowaniach, zdaniem Hussowskiego, pozytywnie wpływa na zdrowie i tężyznę fizyczną.
EN
The author presents a specific kind of activity of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance – hunting. She analyses the point of view of the topic in selected source texts and she tries to define if hunting was treated as a physical activity. The source basis of this work is the Latin poem Carmen de statura, feritate ac venatione bisontis (Song about a bison) by Mikołaj Hussowski, two Old English pieces by Juliana Barnes On Hunting and On Hawking and Latin treaty about hawking De arte venandi cum avibus (About the art of hunting with birds) by the German emperor Frederick II Hohenstauf. The works of Juliana Berners were written in the form of practical and rough manuals focusing on the terms used in hunting and hawking. The treaty by the emperor Frederick is a dissertation showing the wide knowledge of the nature of the author. According to the emperor, hawking is the art, in which the power of mind and person’s character lets him rule over the wild and predatory birds. In the Song about a bison by Hussowski, the major topic is the admiration of the beauty and power of homeland nature. The participation in hunting, in the opinion of Hussowski, improves the fitness and health
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