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Can similarities be found in the cults of prehistoric hunters and farmers? Analysis of ‘dance’ scenes of four beings of the Mesolithic from Alta, Finnmark, Norway, and of the beginning of the Eneolithic from Střelice, southwestern Moravia, Czech Republic

100%
Kovárník J.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
|
2021
|
vol. LVI
103-152
EN
The ways of life of hunters, fishers and gatherers are noticeably different from those of farmers. Surviving evidence of their cultures is very rare. Although we are aware that it is very difficult to interpret and compare them, sometimes external similarities can be observed, such as in the depiction of human figures, particularly female figurines (also in zoomorphic sculptures) in the Upper Palaeolithic (‘the Cult of Hunters’) and in the Neolithic (‘Field Fertility Cult’ and ‘Domestic Animals Fertility Cult’). The depiction of a woman and three men with their arms stretched upwards on a famous vase of Moravian – East-Austrian group, Phase MOG IIa (around 4525–4375 BC) of the Painted Pottery culture from Střelice in the Czech Republic is significant, and has been interpreted by the author as an example of hieros gamos (i.e. a dialogue with space). This vase has considerable similarity with a petroglyph of a circular dance, again obviously depicting a woman and three men holding hands, from Alta in northern Norway, one of the central ‘galleries’ of hunters (5 stages, the oldest being 5300 BC). We can only assume (with just a certain amount of probability) that they depict a story (rite or myth?) in the form of a ‘language of symbols’ (e.g. a restoration of ‘Mother Earth’).
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Different Approaches to Research on the Interactions Between Hunter-gatherers and Groups of Farmers and Breeders

100%
Cetwińska A.
Światowit
|
2020
|
vol. 59
79-87
EN
Interactions between hunter-gatherers and groups of farmers and breeders have been a subject of archaeological debate for many years. Thanks to the application of different scientific approaches, ranging from material studies to archaeometric analyses, the discussion has not lost its relevance. The aim of this study is to present the evolution of scientific investigations related to these interactions and to emphasise the potential of the debate: despite the passing of time, it remains an open research issue. The complexity of this discussion will be demonstrated through selected case studies from all around Europe.
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Beginnings of Human Reasoning: Manifestations of Induction, Deduction and Abduction in Hominid Activities

84%
Ratajczyk D.
Studia z kognitywistyki i filozofii umysłu
|
2017
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
PL
Reasoning is a significant feature of humans and it might be one of the main reasons for their evolutionary success. Reasoning is a broad concept and can be divided into types (according to a classification system). Logical classifications propose to distinguish inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning.I try to investigate at which point of human evolution particular types of reasoning arose and why. The study presents deliberation on changes in human lifestyle and their impact on reasoning. It also presents possible hominid activities, which evidence usage of different types of reasoning at different stages of human evolution. Early stages (passive scavengers) suggest no need for creative reasoning. It seems induction was sufficient for hominids to perform their activities. However, some strategies of food foraging applied by hunter-gatherers suggest the usage of abductive reasoning. Social interactions need transitive reasoning to occur and this is an indication of deductive reasoning. I put forward a hypothesis that abduction is necessary to create beliefs, so the ability to abduct arose when humans started to consider afterlife at the latest. I also suggest that abductive reasoning is one of the newest achievements in human evolution.
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