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FR
A partir d’une relecture d’Aristote par les métaphysiciens réalistes (Thomas d’Aquin, Gilson, Maryniarczyk) sur la nature des êtres et des objets du réel nous proposons de redéfinir le sens des mots à partir de la définition du concept en tant que résultat de la participation active du sujet parlant dans la connaissance du monde. Dans la description sémantique et dans la formulation des définitions lexicographiques il faut donc tenir compte des liens entre le réel et le conceptuel et de la cohérence interne des composantes du concept assurée par les liens logiques de cause et de but. Une telle description, à partir de la structure ontologique élaborée selon les bases de la métaphysique réaliste, est réalisée par l’instrument d’analyse que sont les structures prédicatives (phrases-sources) exprimant une propriété de l’entité. L’analyse des dénominations des cerises confirme la nécessité de la description cohérente pour les définitions lexicographiques des noms d’une catégorie des entités. Les prédications sous-jacentes aux dénominations varient en fonction du discours général ou spécialisé des sujets parlants.
EN
The aim of the present paper is to present a semantic analysis of meaning that is based on adequately read Aristotelian concept, and developed within the framework of metaphysical realism. A reflection on the nature of real existence makes one discover an ontic structure of actually existing objects; this internally coherent structure is closely related to the resulting ontological structure that is fundamental to all meaning relations. As opposed to the traditionally adopted division between ontological and logical relations, metaphysical realism explains semantic relations between particular components of an object in question: this is due to the fact that these components are linked under logical relations, where the relation of causality is of superior character. In this account, the units of description are source sentences, i.e. the predications where the predicative expression designates a given component (property) or relation. In lexicographical definitions and definitional statements, such predications are linked together and subject to syntactic and morphological transformations. A review of selected names of cherries in French (cerises) and their lexical definitions indicates that there is a need for ontological structure of certain cherry varieties, and for their respective names within the category to be hierarchically organized by an expert. Particular predications express human cognitive activity that is structured not only by logical reasoning but also by sensual perception. This fundamental concept dates back to Aristotle, who spoke of the essence of things rather than the necessary and sufficient conditions to capture the meaning of a word.
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