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e-mentor
|
2022
|
vol. 94
|
issue 2
36-47
EN
Interest in consumer co-creation in the fuzzy front-end of the new product development (NPD) process has increased in recent years. It is generally acknowledged that integrating consumers into collaborative idea generation leverages the potential of social interactions, knowledge sharing and collective creativity, and it may improve the success of NPD. Despite extensive literature on value co-creation, little is known about how creativity can be enhanced and encouraged in this process. Based on a thorough literature review, the author develops an organising framework and six propositions on how creativity can be stimulated at the fuzzy front-end of the innovation process. By exploring the relevant literature, this study extends the understanding of the role that creativity plays in co-creation for NPD and provides some guidelines that may help boost the creative output and interest in co-creation activities during the development stage of an idea.
EN
In the paper, we justify the view that Roman Ingarden was an analytical philosopher. First, we show the close personal ties between Ingarden and Kazimierz Twardowski and his pupils. Second, we compare the research program of the Lvov-Warsaw School with the research program formulated by Ingarden. An important point of this program was the use of a specific research method in its implementation. We show that despite the undoubted differences between the research methods declared and actually used by Ingarden and by representatives of the Twardowski School, both of them were methods characteristic of analytical philosophy.
EN
In the Logical Investigations, Edmund Husserl defines that which is normative as the objectively regular with its rules of regularity, which can be recognised rationally – normativity concerns the being itself and the rational cognition of the being (logic as a normative discipline establishing the rules of scientific knowledge, as the science of science). Instead, Adolf Reinach in The Apriori Foundations of the Civil Law defines the notion of norm as polysemantic and distinguishes the legal provisions (the prescriptive sentences), formulated within a given community, from the basic norms which are grounded in the objective (including moral) justness of the states of affairs. The obligation of the being and the obligation of acting exist in themselves, independently from cognition. In turn, “enactments and the propositions which express enactments” as a kind of normative sentences have the character of normalisation, but they require a person to pronounce them. The prescriptions realise and refer to what is objectively being and to the objectivity of what is being and obligatory. In my text, I present Reinach’s position on the relations between norms and provisions (as prescriptive propositions “which express enactments”) referring his theories to the Husserlian concept of normativity.
EN
The Document Examiner’s approach could not be based only on the technical aspect of the analysis, but it must very often be extended in the graphological analysis of the case. The Document Examiner has to also take into consideration the particular historical data in order to orientate the investigation’s hypothesis. In many cases morphological similarity could be tricky and misleading, just because of the simplefact that reflects the main purpose of the forger: the similarity, in which he bases the effort of presenting a forged document genuine.
5
44%
PL
Artykuł zawiera komunikacyjną analizę funkcji frazemu bez sensu. Autor rozważa konwersacyjne i dyskursywne możliwości użycia tej frazy. Stosuje w tym celu metodologię gramatyki komunikacyjnej, która pozwala na analizę komunikatów na poziomie ideacyjnym i interakcyjnym. W obszarze semantycznym bez sensu pozbawia wartości zdetrywializowany standard semantyczny. W konwersacjach jest reakcją na scenariusze sprzeczne z naturalną logiką i zdroworozsądkowym przyczyno-skutkowym biegiem rzeczy. Ważną funkcją jest eksponowanie scenariuszy nieskuteczności, marnotrawstwa, zbędności, braku korzyści, przewidywanych lub faktycznych szkód. Na poziomie interakcyjnym fraza bez sensu pełni funkcję wsparcia argumentacyjnej siły przekazu, jest też sposobem podważenia argumentacji – podkreśla słabość przesłanek. W strategiach aksjologicznych bez sensu jest ważną składową aktów emotywnych i budulcem napięcia emocjonalnego między rozmówcami. Tu przede wszystkim służy wyeksponowaniu przeżywanej negatywnej emocji. Ujemnym skutkiem użycia frazy bez sensu jest wprowadzanie do kontaktu interpersonalnego dystansu, a w niektórych przypadkach atmosfery intelektualnej degradacji nadawcy przekazu. W artykule znajduje się kilka przykładów medialnych wypowiedzi politycznych z frazą bez sensu, które służą dyskredytowaniu przeciwnika politycznego.
EN
The article presents a communication-based analysis of the function of the ‘bez sensu’ [meaningless/ pointless/makes no sense etc.] phraseme. The author discusses the conversational and discursive opportunities for using it. He applies the methodology of communicational grammar, which enables the analysis of communications at the ideational and interactive levels. Within the semantic level, ‘bez sensu’ removes the value of the trivialised semantic standard. In conversations, it is the reaction to scripts which contradict natural logic and the common-sensical cause-and-effect course of things. An important function is the bringing forward of scripts of failure, wastefulness, redundancy, and lack of benefit or expected or actual harm. At the interactive level, the ‘bez sensu’ expression fulfils the function of support for the argumentative power of a communication; it is also a measure of undermining an argumentation – it emphasises the frailty of its premises. In axiological strategies, ‘bez sensu’ is a major component of emotive acts and the building block of the emotional tension between interlocutors. In this instance, it is mostly used to bring forward the experience of a negative emotion. One negative outcome of using the ‘bez sensu’ expression is the introduction distance to interpersonal contact, and in some cases the sense of intellectually debasing the sender of a communication. The article includes several examples of media-based political statements with the ‘bez sensu’ expression, which are used for discrediting political opponents.
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