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EN
This article presents the special status of Poland, namely as a country that both sends out and takes in large numbers of migrant workers. Drawing on the world systems theory, the role attributed to Poland is that of semiperiphery, which means a specific kind of suspension between the status of an immigration centre, resembling western Europe, and the status of a migration periphery, such as the one constituted by the eastern part of the continent. Poland continues to be viewed as peripheral by its own citizens who decide to emigrate and, at the same time, becomes an immigration sub-centre for migrants coming from less-developed countries. In this article, the distinctive features of the special position of Poland are discussed. The conclusions drawn are supported by empirical evidence, including data on migration flows and interviews both with Poles working abroad and foreigners employed in Poland.
PL
W artykule skupiliśmy się na analizie opinii i postaw wobec możliwości członkostwa cudzoziemca w społeczeństwie polskim traktowanym jako polska wspólnota narodowa. Opierając się na wynikach sondażu „Polacy i inni po 30 latach” z 2018 roku oraz porównań z wynikami identycznych badań z lat 1988 i 1998 analizujemy odmiany polskiej tożsamości narodowej oraz to, w jaki sposób przekładają się one na warunki uznania cudzoziemca za Polkę/Polaka. W artykule zwracamy uwagę po pierwsze na to, że warunki przynależności cudzoziemca do tej wspólnoty są odmiennie postrzegane przez badanych niż te, które są kierowane wobec Polaków. Po drugie, opinie badanych o sposobach wejścia cudzoziemca do polskiego społeczeństwa charakteryzują się różnymi koncepcjami ich przynależności i formułowanymi wobec nich oczekiwaniami, począwszy od obywatelskiej, a skończywszy na etnicznej. Po trzecie, podkreślamy podstawowe znaczenie kryteriów społeczno-kulturowych dla akceptacji cudzoziemca w polskim społeczeństwie, które dotyczą jego zgodnego funkcjonowania w naszym kraju.
EN
In the article, we focus on the analysis of the attitudes with regard to the possibility of a foreigner being recognized as member of Polish society understood as a Polish national community. Based on the results of the survey ‘Poles and Others, 30 years after’ conducted in 2018 as well as on the comparisons with the findings of the identical studies from 1988 and 1998, we analyse the varieties of Polish national identity and how they translate into the conditions for recognizing a foreigner as a Pole. First, we point out that the fulfilment of different membership conditions is required from a foreigner than from a Pole. Second, the respondents’ opinions about the foreigners’ ways of entering Polish society feature various concepts of their affiliation as well as diverse expectations formulated towards them, ranging from civic to ethnic. Third, we emphasize the fundamental importance of socio-cultural criteria for the acceptance of a foreigner in Polish society, related to her or his convivial functioning among Poles.
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