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1

Tryb postępowania z wnioskiem o wyrażenie przez Sejm zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności karnej wniesionym przez oskarżyciela posiłkowego subsydiarnego w sytuacji, gdy sąd prawomocnie umorzył postępowanie

100%

Odrowąż-Sypniewski W.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2017

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issue 4(56)

47-55

EN

The Author concludes that the Rules Deputies’ and Immunity Affairs Committee should not continue to examine application request of the subsidiary prosecutor after the court of appeal has finally dismissed the criminal proceedings. It should be assumed that revoking of a valid procedural decision terminating these proceedings will give rise to the necessity of submitting a new application for waiver of immunity. An entity that submitted an application for waiver of immunity may freely dispose of it until the Sejm adopts a resolution regarding the consent to bring the Deputy to criminal accountability or until the Deputy’s submission of the statement referred to in Article 105 para. 4 of the Constitution.

2

Procedura pociągania do odpowiedzialności karnej prezesa Najwyższej Izby Kontroli

80%

Kalinowska-Wójcik A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2017

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issue 3(140)

7–20

XX

The aim of this article is to present coherently the new Sejm’s procedure regarding immunity of President of the Supreme Audit Office. Toward this end, it provides an analysis of the amendments adopted regarding said legal regulations and shows differences in comparison to the procedure regarding Members of Parliament. As a matter of fact, until recently there have been no provisions specifying in detail this particular immunity procedure. Updating of the Supreme Audit Office Act and the Rules of Procedure of the Sejm has fi lled respective gap in the legal system. Both legal acts define in detail subsequent stages of the immunity procedure, beginning from introducing immunity motion to the Speaker of the Sejm, ending with adoption of the resolution by the Sejm on whether to withdraw or to continue immunity.

3

Opinia prawna w sprawie wykładni art. 105 ust. 1 Konstytucji oraz art. 7b–8 w związku z art. 6 i 6a ustawy o wykonywaniu mandatu posła i senatora

80%

Czarny P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2016

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issue 4(52)

72-84

EN

A Deputy, after the expiry of the mandate, is still entitled to legal protection based on art. 105 paragraph 1 sentence 2 of the Constitution. This means that even after the expiry of the mandate, the Deputy may be prosecuted for an act violating the rights of third parties upon the consent of the Sejm. The Sejm is obliged to examine the application for permission to hold Deputy responsible for the activities within the scope of the mandate (to waive the immunity of a Deputy), whose mandate has expired, provided that the application complies with the formal requirements described in the Act on Exercise of the Mandate of a Deputy and Senator.

4

Opinia prawna na temat trwałości ochrony immunitetowej wynikającej z art. 105 ust. 1 zdanie drugie Konstytucji oraz trybu pociągnięcia byłego posła do odpowiedzialności sądowej

80%

Sakowicz A.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2016

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issue 4(52)

85-96

EN

The opinion is an answer to a question submitted by the Marshal of the Sejm, whether a former Deputy is still entitled to immunity protection in case of acts committed within the scope of the mandate. According to the author, the former Deputy (or a Senator) may be held responsible for actions violating rights of the third persons which took place during the exercise of the mandate of that Deputy, but only upon a permission of an appropriate house of Parliament. The author notes that the loophole in legislation should be filled by an amendment.

5

Tryb postępowania z wniesionym w VIII kadencji wnioskiem o wyrażenie przez Sejm zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności cywilnej posłów

80%

Odrowąż-Sypniewski W.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2020

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issue 4(68)

187-199

EN

The author indicates that the legal structure of the Polish immunity regulations excludes the possibility of adopting a resolution by the Sejm on giving consent to bring several deputies to responsibility. In each individual case, the Sejm should consider a separate motion and adopt a separate resolution. Referring to the principle of discontinuity, the author concludes that regarding the two former Deputies, new motions for consent to bring them to a civil law liability should be submitted, while in the case of a Deputy holding a mandate also in the 9th term, the proceedings on the motion concerning him should be continued.

6

Opinia prawna na temat wniosku z 11 lipca 2016 r. o wyrażenie zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności pana H.K., przedłożonego przez oskarżyciela subsydiarnego posiłkowego E.K., reprezentowaną przez pełnomocnika – adwokata Z.K.

80%

Odrowąż-Sypniewski W.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2016

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issue 4(52)

59-71

EN

The application concerns a person who held the mandate of a Deputy during the seventh term of the Sejm, but is not currently a deputy. According to the art. 105 paragraph 1 sentence 2 of the Constitution, a Deputy may be brought to a court accountability for action violating the rights of third parties, which have been taken within the scope of the mandate, only upon the consent of the Sejm. This rule applies to a possible court accountability of former Deputies concerning acts committed in the course of exercise of their parliamentary mandate. The subject of the resolution adopted by the Sejm must include a whole set of behaviors constituting a persecuted act, regardless of whether all behaviors are within the scope of the mandate. Content of the application meets the required precision only with regards behaviors belonging to the third group of activities. The behaviors of the first and second group have been indicated in the application in a very general way, what means that the application does not meet the requirement under art. 7b paragraph 4 Section 4 of the Act on performance of the mandate of Deputy and Senator.

7

Execution on an Embassy Bank Account

80%

Wyrozumska A.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

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2012

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vol. 32

75-87

EN

Recently Polish courts have started to attach bank accounts of foreign embassies for the purpose of enforcement of judgements against embassies of foreign States in e.g. employment cases. The courts have applied the same principle to jurisdictional State immunity and immunity from enforcement and recognized that if state activities giving rise to the claims examined by courts were of private-law character, they are not protected either by jurisdictional or enforcement immunity. This standpoint is contrary to the dominant trend in other states’ practice, confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 2012 (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening). While in the field of jurisdictional immunity, the nature of an act as iure imperii or iure gestionis is decisive, in a case of immunity from enforcement – the allocation of the property against which enforcement measures are sought. Embassy bank accounts are generally covered by immunity from enforcement. In this situation Polish courts should develop convincing and exhaustive reasons why it is necessary for the protection of an individual to overrule the ne impediatur legatio principle. The judgements are not sufficiently reasoned and there is no good argument to support this stance. They expose Poland to international liability.

8

STATUS PRAWNY DEPUTOWANEGO DO PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO WEDLE POLSKIEGO PRAWA

70%

KOPCIUCH K.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2013

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issue 2(11)

40-53 (14)

EN

This article presents an analysis of legal regulations governing the status of a Member of the European Parliament. After analyzing the modes of election and the principles of Polish Electoral Law to Parliament, the article shows the position and privileges associated with the function of an MEP. The article contains an analysis of cases where a loss of a parliamentarian and the principle of incompatibility positions.

9

Immunitet państwa w prawie międzynarodowym w kontekście zbrodni wojennych i zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości

70%

Kałduński M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2018

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issue 2(58)

67-95

EN

State immunity is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all states which is one of the main principles of international legal order. Predominant jurisprudence of national courts as well as international courts and tribunals follows the position that in case when a claim is submitted in a court in the forum-state due to war crimes and crimes against humanity, a foreign state possesses state immunity which excludes jurisdiction of national courts. There is a strong tendency in international law to limit state immunity and exclude from its scope claims concerning the aforementioned crimes, in case they were committed on the forum-state’s territory). However the International Court of Justice assumed that the immunity is of a procedural nature and it has to be evaluated in each case on the day of adjudication. Hence, in future cases relating to war crimes and crimes against humanity may be considered in forum-state’s courts.

10

The Exceptional State of the Media: Some Experiences in Post-Soviet Lithuania

70%

Aleknonis G.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2010

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vol. 3

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issue 2

40-68

EN

Theoretical attempts to solve the problem of exception inevitably draw attention to the conflict between freedom and equality, the core values of a democratic society. Granting exclusive rights to one institution or another is justified by the principle of freedom, yet this does not necessarily comply with the idea of equality. Experience shows that it is difficult to avoid exceptions and exceptional rights in the search for consensus in a democracy. Using the popular myth of the fourth estate, media often claims such special rights.This article examines how over twenty years of independence Lithuania has treated one of the most widely applied privileges of mass media - confidentiality of the source of information. When discussing how in practice Lithuania implements the right to deny false claims, it is assumed that mass media disregards all information accuracy principles and aims to portray itself, at least in its own eyes, as an infallible institution having exclusive rights. The country's weak declarations of interest traditions, which have not yet fully developed in the past fifteen years, only strengthen such mass media attempts.Exclusiveness is in the nature of the media already, in that it helps to draw the attention of the public and can provide significant economic benefits. On the other hand, a privileged position often damages the media, since the fourth estate is special - its authority should be based not on rights and privileges, but on trust.

11

Status deputowanego do belgijskiego parlamentu

70%

Juchniewicz J., Łachacz O.

Studia Politologiczne

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2012

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vol. 23

388-406

EN

Belgian Parliament consists of House Representatives and Senate and the status of its members is similar to status of MP’s in most European countries. Some differences worth noting derive of organization of Belgian state, which is a federal country with strong national and ethnic elements. The mandate of MP’s is a free mandate. The members of both houses represent the whole Belgian Nation are not bound by any instructions coming from their electors. The most characteristic of status of Belgian MP’s is their appurtenance to language groups what influences their way of realizing the mandate. Apart of language issues, status of Belgian MP’s can be also characterized by material conditions of executing the mandate and scope of immunities, both material and formal ones.

12

Assesment of the International Court of Justice judgment to 2012 and the Supreme Court judgment in Poland to 2010

70%

Gruszczyński K. J.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2015

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vol. 14(14)

54-66

EN

The article concernes the issue of foreign courts’ jurisdiction and their relations with the particular states’ legal systems in the context of sovereign state’s immunity and its temporary limited interpretation. several cases are analyzed, from midwar period, through the Cold War era, up to the end of the first decade od XXi century, including assesement of not only international Court of Justice and Polish supreme Court but also sereral examples of assesement of European and American courts.

13

NIEZRÓWNOWAŻONY ROZWÓJ CYWILIZACJI POSTINDUSTRIALNEJ ZE WZGLĘDU NA RYZYKO I SZANSĘ NA PRZEŻYCIE

61%

Sztumski W.

Eunomia – Rozwój Zrównoważony – Sustainable Development

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2020

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issue 2(99)

9-18

EN

The article includes the author's considerations on risk of survival and chance to survive of \ individual persons and the human species in conditions of progressive environmental degradation because of the progress of post-industrial civilization, especially the Western one. The development of this civilization is driven by the rapid advances in knowledge and technology, but above all by activities for maximum economic growth and its derivatives - unlimited growth in production, sales and consumption. So, naturally, it is accompanied by excessive destruction of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment, as well as of degradation of the social, cultural and spiritual environment. On the one hand, the consequence of the progress of Western civilization is the growing threat to human health, and thus the increasing risk of survival. On the other hand, thanks to this progress, they improve living conditions and comfort as well as the possibilities of curing many diseases; thus, they increase the chances to survive. The problem, however, is that this increase in risks and chances is not equivalent as they appear many more threats than chances. As a result, this imbalance is getting bigger. Political and economic decision-makers, who can hardly be suspected of a lack of knowledge about environmental threats, are primarily driven by profit maximization and therefore they ignore the appeals from environmentalists. Therefore, since the last decades of the twentieth century, it progress the development of "economic society". It is made up of individuals called "Homo oeconomicus" - fanatical followers of God Mammon. There are serious concerns that it will soon end either with the extinction of humanity or with the collapse of Western civilization. And what happens depends on whether further social evolution will follow economic or other (cultural or ecological) criteria, whether the most important goal will be to improve the quality of life and enrichment, or to delay the extinction of humanity as a result of the transformation of "economic society" into "Cultural society"

14

Selected blood parameters in organically raised hens fed with purple coneflower supplemented diet**

61%

Sosnówka-Czajka E., Skomorucha I.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae

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2018

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary addition of dried purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) on selected blood parameters of chicks and hens of the native ‘Greenleg Partridge’ breed (Z-11), maintained on a certified poultry farm according to organic farming principles. Birds were divided into two groups according to diet: organic layer diet (group 1), and the same diet supplemented with certified purple coneflower from 20 weeks of age at 10 g/kg feed (group 2). Layers were fed the certified layer diet (17% protein and 11.1 MJ ME/kg diet) following organic farming principles. Experimental incubations were performed at 34 wks of age. Blood was collected from laying hens at 34 wks and from newly hatched chicks at one day of age to determine selected blood parameters. The organically raised ‘Greenleg Partridge’ hens and chicks responded to the purple coneflower supplement by changes in blood picture, which are important indicators of avian health and condition. As in Z-11 chicks, purple coneflower supplemented to the layer diet reduced the H:L ratio and induced a tendency for higher level of the immunoglobulin complex and IgG in blood, which shows their better living comfort and higher immunity. Dietary purple coneflower was observed to have no effect on the level of hematocrit, erythrocytes and leukocytes. High individual variation occurred for the immunoglobulin complex and IgG in the organically raised ‘Greenleg Partridge’ hens.

15

Odpowiedzialność Prezydenta za wykroczenia

61%

Dąbrowski K.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2017

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issue 1 (35)

109-121

PL

W artykule poruszono problematykę dotyczącą zakresu odpowiedzialności Prezydenta RP za wykroczenia i ewentualnej jurysdykcji nad nimi. Dostrzegając brak wyraźnej regulacji tych zagadnień, autor wskazuje, iż – w związku z zakazem domniemywania immunitetów – zakres odpowiedzialności Prezydenta RP za wykroczenia musi być tożsamy jak w przypadku innych obywateli. Z uwagi jednak na szerokie niebezpieczeństwa nierozerwalnie związane z realizacją tej formy odpowiedzialności, proponuje objęcie jurysdykcji nad nimi przez Trybunał Stanu. Dla przyjęcia takiego stanowiska autora skłaniają zarówno treści obowiązującego porządku prawnego, jak również liczne argumenty natury funkcjonalnej i językowej. W konsekwencji zarysowuje on tezę, iż „przestępstwo” w rozumieniu art. 145 ust. 1 Konstytucji stanowi w istocie nazwę dla szeroko rozumianej odpowiedzialności karnej.

EN

The article discusses the scope of legal responsibility on the part of The President of the Republic of Poland. The lack of precise legal regulations concerning the matter in question leads to the following conclusion: taking into consideration the present prohibitionof implicit immunity the President of the Republic of Poland ought to share the same realm of legal responsibility as do other Polish citizens. Yet, due to the apparent dangers inherent in the execution of the legal responsibility the author proposes for the jurisdiction in question to be under the supervision of the State Tribunal. The author’s argument is founded on the present legal order as well as in numerous functional and language oriented factors. As a consequence, the author claims “the offense” as defined in the 145th article of the Constitution is in reality a general notion for criminal responsibility.

16

THE CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATING THE IMMUNITY OF CARTHAGINIAN ENVOYS IN THE LIGHT OF LIV. 38.42.7 AND VAL. MAX. 6.6.3 1

57%

Leraczyk I.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2018

|

vol. 32

|

issue 1

19-40

PL

The article analyses the casus of beating Carthaginian envoys in 188 BC and the effects that this act exerted on the grounds of international law, sacral norms and, at a later time, on the grounds of criminal regulations laid by the Romans. Those issues are analyzed on the basis of the account by Titus Livius (38.42.7) and Valerius Maximus (6.6.3). The analysis demonstrates that emissaries dispatched to other peoples were protected by immunity and it also indicates the way in which envoys were chosen in the republican Rome, as well as the customs related to their reception. It is also presented in the article what types of behaviour might have been perceived as violations of envoys’ immunity and what sanctions were faced by those perpetrating such acts. On the grounds of ius gentium there was a threat of declaring war, which could be averted only if the perpetrator was delivered to the affected community. On the grounds of sacral law, it was assumed that a deed of that nature entailed sacrilegium, and a blame could not be in any way removed from an individual. However, the whole society could be remitted their guilt by delivering the wrongdoer to the injured party. Further, the text analyzes the proceedings in the case of causing bodily harm to Punic envoys – the actions undertaken by the urban praetor and the procedure of delivering the perpetrators (deditio) to Carthaginians, carried out by the fetiales.

17

Scope of Immunity of Members of the Bundestag – A Case Study of a Bundestag Member, Mr. Pofalla

51%

Bezubik K. M.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2019

|

issue 6 (52)

141-155

EN

Members of the Bundestag enjoy parliamentary immunity under the Basic Law. The mem- ber may be held liable or arrested for an offense punishable by criminal law only if the Bundestag permits it and waives the member’s immunity, unless the member is caught red-handed or on the following day. Since the majority rule also applies here, the deci- sion to waive immunity is decided by the governing majority. This raises the question, especially on the part of members of individual opposition parties, to what principles the Bundestag is subject to when deciding whether or not to waive the immunity of a mem- ber of the Bundestag. The Bundestag’s reservation of permission (Genehmigungsvorbe- halt) to conduct criminal proceedings according with the jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court serves primarily the benefit of the parliament as a whole. The sub- jective rights of members of the Bundestag to certain conduct of the Bundestag cannot be derived directly from the Article 46 (2) of the Basic Law. However, pursuant to the second paragraph of Article 46 in conjunction with the second sentence of the Article 38 (1) of the Basic Law, a member of the Bundestag may demand that the Bundestag, deciding whether or not to waive his or her immunity, not be guided by unreasonable and arbitrary motives.

PL

Posłowie do Bundestagu korzystają z zagwarantowanego w Ustawie Zasadniczej immu- nitetu parlamentarnego. Za czyn zagrożony karą poseł może zostać pociągnięty do odpo- wiedzialności albo aresztowany tylko wtedy, gdy Bundestag wyrazi na to zgodę i uchyli immunitet, chyba że zostanie on schwytany w chwili popełnienia czynu lub w ciągu na- stępnego dnia. Ponieważ również w tym przypadku ma zastosowanie zasada większości, decyzja o uchyleniu immunitetu leży w gestii większości rządzącej. Powstaje w związ- ku z tym pytanie, szczególnie po stronie deputowanych poszczególnych partii opozy- cyjnych, jakim zasadom podlega Bundestag przy podejmowaniu decyzji o ewentualnym uchyleniu immunitetu posła. Przysługujące Bundestagowi zastrzeżenie zezwolenia (Ge- nehmigungsvorbehalt) na przeprowadzenie postępowania karnego, zgodnie z orzecznic- twem Federalnego Sądu Konstytucyjnego, służy przede wszystkim parlamentowi jako całości. Z art. 46 ust. 2 Ustawy Zasadniczej nie można wyprowadzić wprost subiektyw- nych praw posła do określonego zachowania Bundestagu. Może on natomiast, na posta- wie art. 46 ust. 2 w zw. z art. 38 ust. 1 zd. 2 Ustawy Zasadniczej żądać, aby Bundestag podejmując decyzję o uchyleniu immunitetu, nie kierował się niemerytorycznymi i ar- bitralnymi motywami.

18

Psycho-Social problems of elderly during the time of pandemic and ways towards its solutions: A social work study on India

51%

Diyali C.

EXLIBRIS Biblioteka Gerontologii Społecznej

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2020

|

issue 1 (18) /2020 Old age - international perspective – theory and practice

123-134

EN

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the face of the earth and future seems to be uncertain for many vulnerable groups. Among them, the golden population are the group who are silently succumbing to the mixed negative emotions of fear, doubts, insecurities, risks and even a taboo or a stigma of, having a least resilience and immunity to the infection, even to an extent of being called a source of community spread due to their higher severity, prolong illness and fatality of the infection .The reason being their prior existing health infirmities. Therefore, this paper is an effort towards drawing the attention of the Government agencies, NGOs and other stakeholders of the society to the different aspect of problems of the most revered sections of the society during this global tragic time of Covid -19 Lockdown. The present study wants to overview the problems the golden populations are silently suffering using the content analysis methodology. The researcher made use of secondary source data and the relevant and comprehensive literature on the subject. And as a Social Work professional, help giving appropriate suggestions for effective solutions to help the elderly move ahead in this crisis not only as a takes but as a crisis responders for different tasks at hand for the country as a caregivers, health workers, volun¬teers and community leaders. .The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the face of the earth and future seems to be uncertain for many vulnerable groups. Among them, the golden population are the group who are silently succumbing to the mixed negative emotions of fear, doubts, insecurities, risks and even a taboo or a stigma of, having a least resilience and immunity to the infection, even to an extent of being called a source of community spread due to their higher severity, prolong illness and fatality of the infection .The reason being their prior existing health infirmities. Therefore, this paper is an effort towards drawing the attention of the Government agencies, NGOs and other stakeholders of the society to the different aspect of problems of the most revered sections of the society during this global tragic time of Covid -19 Lockdown. The present study wants to overview the problems the golden populations are silently suffering using the content analysis methodology. The researcher made use of secondary source data and the relevant and comprehensive literature on the subject. And as a Social Work professional, help giving appropriate suggestions for effective solutions to help the elderly move ahead in this crisis not only as a takes but as a crisis responders for different tasks at hand for the country as a caregivers, health workers, volun¬teers and community leaders.

19

Zakres przedmiotowy immunitetów w świetle pojęcia „odpowiedzialność karna” w Konstytucji RP

51%

Śliwiński E.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

|

2023

|

issue 3(73)

169-180

EN

In the article the author analyses whether the notion of ‘criminal liability’ contained in constitutional provisions relating to formal immunity should be understood in the same way as the identical term in art. 42(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The author answers affirmatively to such research question, relying on linguistic directives of interpretation (prohibition of synonymous and homonymous interpretation), as well as the need to safeguard the effectiveness of immunity. Alternative line of interpretation – presented in the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal P 31/12 and based on exceptiones non sunt extendendae argument – is rejected. From this one can derive a conclusion that formal immunity provides protection against i.a. liability for administrative infractions. The author observes as well that statutory provisions which precise constitutional regulations on immunity do not cover such situations.

PL

W artykule autor analizuje, czy pojęcie „odpowiedzialność karna” zawarte w przepisach konstytucyjnych dotyczących immunitetu formalnego powinno być rozumiane w ten sam sposób, co tożsame wyrażenie w art. 42 ust. 1 Konstytucji RP. Autor pozytywnie odpowiada na tak postawione pytanie badawcze, powołując się na dyrektywy wykładni językowej (zakaz wykładni synonimicznej i homonimicznej) oraz potrzebę zapewnienia efektywności immunitetu. Alternatywna linia interpretacji – zaprezentowana w wyroku TK P 31/12 i oparta o argument exceptiones non sunt extendendae – zostaje odrzucona. Można zatem wysnuć wniosek, że immunitet formalny chroni przed np. odpowiedzialnością za delikt administracyjny. Autor konstatuje także, że przepisy ustawowe doprecyzowujące immunitet na poziomie konstytucyjnym nie przewidują takich sytuacji.

20

Do Continuous and Intermittent Running Exercises Affect Leukocyte Count? Comparison of Acute and Chronic Effects

51%

Ozan M., Buzdagli Y., Siktar E., Nurcan Kılıc B., Bakan E.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2023

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vol. 23

|

issue 1

70-80

EN

Background. It is widely accepted that physical exercise can cause changes in the immune system. Acute bouts of exercise can alter the number and function of leukocytes, but the degree of white blood cell increase depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. Purpose. This aim is to examine the acute and chronic effects the white blood cell count and subsets in the bloodstream of the performance of continuous and intermittent running exercise as well as body composition. Material and Methods. In the adult category, the age, sports age and height of actively engaged in weight sports are respectively; total of 40 top-elite male athletes with CRG: 26.3±2.67 years, 9.1±1.08 years, and 177.3±5.06 cm and IRG: 25.6±2.79 years, 8.2±2.66 years and 179.9±6.51 cm participated. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements was used to identify differences between measurement points for leukocyte and subset values. The comparison of the groups effect was made by repeated measurements with a two-way (group x time) ANOVA. Results. According to the data obtained; in the CRG group, WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil values and in the IRG group; WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte values were found to be significantly different within the group between weeks. (p<0.05) When the CRG and IRG groups were compared, there was no significant difference between the groups. (p>0.05) Conclusions. Our study reveals that leukocyte and subset values acutely increase after both continuous and intermittent exercises in elite athletes, but when examined from a chronic point of view, blood values after exercise program are similar to resting states. Besides that, continuous and intermittent aerobic running exercises are thought to increase the performance and endurance of athletes.

PL

Tło. Powszechnie przyjmuje się, że ćwiczenia fizyczne mogą powodować zmiany w układzie odpornościowym. Gwałtowne okresy wysiłku fizycznego mogą zmienić liczbę i funkcję leukocytów, ale stopień wzrostu białych krwinek zależy od intensywności i czasu trwania ćwiczeń. Cel. Celem było zbadanie gwałtownego i przewlekłego wpływu liczby i podzbiorów białych krwinek w krwiobiegu na wykonywanie ciągłych i przerywanych ćwiczeń biegowych, a także na skład ciała. Materiał i metody. W kategorii osób dorosłych aktywnie uprawiających sporty siłowe (odpowiednio wg wieku, wieku sportowego i wzrostu) uczestniczyło łącznie 40 czołowych sportowców o CRG: 26,3±2,67 lat, 9,1±1,08 lat i 177,3±5,06 cm oraz IRG: 25,6±2,79 lat, 8,2±2,66 lat i 179,9±6,51 cm. W celu określenia różnic pomiędzy punktami pomiarowymi dla wartości leukocytów i podzbiorów zastosowano jednokierunkową analizę wariancji (ANOVA) z powtarzanymi pomiarami. Porównanie efektu grup zostało dokonane przez powtarzane pomiary z dwukierunkową analizą ANOVA (grupa x czas). Wyniki. Zgodnie z uzyskanymi danymi; w grupie CRG stwierdzono, że wartości WBC, limfocytów, neutrofili, monocytów, eozynofili, a w grupie IRG; wartości WBC, limfocytów, neutrofili i monocytów różniły się istotnie w obrębie grupy pomiędzy tygodniami. (p<0,05). W przypadku porównania grup CRG i IRG nie stwierdzono istotnej różnicy pomiędzy grupami (p>0.05). Wnioski. Niniejsze badania wykazały, że wartości leukocytów i podzbiorów krwi gwałtownie wzrastają zarówno po ćwiczeniach ciągłych, jak i przerywanych u elitarnych sportowców, ale badane z przewlekłego punktu widzenia, wartości krwi po programie ćwiczeń są podobne do tych w stanie spoczynku. Poza tym uważa się, że ciągłe i przerywane ćwiczenia aerobowe mogą zwiększyć wydajność i wytrzymałość sportowców.

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