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EN
The aim of this paper is to present how the imperative mood is defined in the descriptions of the inflection system of the contemporary Polish language. First of all, imperative mood is considered to be the value of one of the inflection categories of mood, and the forms representing it, e.g. zrób! (‘do!’), myj! (‘wash!’) are considered to be in opposition to the forms of the declarative and the conditional moods. On the other hand, the imperative is a grammatical means that expresses the so-called deontic modality and utterances with imperative forms are treated, before anything else, as acts of directive speech. This way of defining the imperative mood is the reason why the status of such forms as wygraj! (‘win!’), otrzymaj! (‘receive!’), (nie) umieraj! (‘[not] die!’) or bądź (szczęśliwy) (‘be [happy]’) is problematic, because they constitute a non-directive use of the imperative mood. The conclusion is that the way of defining the imperative mood in Polish requires clarification.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss some statements concerning the syntactic features of imperative forms of the verbs BAĆ SIĘ, OBAWIAĆ SIĘ, LĘKAĆ SIĘ ('to fear (of) sth') made by M. Gębka-Wolak and A. Moroz in the article Individual syntactic propensities of imperative forms (on the basis of the verbs: BAĆ SIĘ, OBAWIAĆ SIĘ, LĘKAĆ SIĘ) (2011). The conclusion is that the imperative forms of the verbs BAĆ SIĘ, OBAWIAĆ SIĘ, LĘKAĆ SIĘ, against the opinion of these Authors, do not have syntactical requirements different from those of the forms of the indicative mood of these verbs.
EN
The relation between morpho-syntactic structure and its externalization into interpretive levels is the topic of this article. In many languages, typically in Romance and Albanian varieties, modal contexts, specifically imperative and infinitive, and negation, give rise to phenomena of clitic reordering and an interesting micro-variation. Imperative differs from declarative sentences in selecting enclisis except in negative contexts. Moreover, in Albanian mesoclisis appears in the 2nd plural person of imperative, between the verbal base and the person inflection. A similar distribution characterizes Calabro-Lucanian varieties spoken in Lausberg area, in contact with Arbëresh (Italo-Albanian) dialects. This article proposes to analyze the influence of modal contexts on the lexicalization of object clitics (OCls) and their different behavior in connection to their referential properties. Our descriptive and theoretical starting point is the representational morpho-syntactic approach adopted in Manzini and Savoia (2011 and subsequent works; see Section 5).
EN
The article concerns the grammatical interpretation of sequences created by combining the particle niech with the present or future tense forms of verbs, e.g. niech usiądę, niech usiądziemy, niech (Pan/i) usiądzie, niech (Państwo) usiądą. In the grammatical descriptions of the contemporary Polish language they are characterized either as the inflectional forms of the imperative mood of the verb or as syntactic constructions (and thereby are included into the verb paradigm or excluded from it). The author subjects to analysis the criteria used by the scholars advocating either of the interpretations and confronts them with various types of usage of the analysed sequences and with the usage of the imperative mood forms created in a synthetic manner. The discussion offered in this article leads to a conclusion that neither of the abovementioned two interpretations of the sequences containing niech is free from defects and in order to adequately describe the linguistic phenomena analysed here further detailed investigation is required.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy interpretacji gramatycznej ciągów tworzonych przez połączenie partykuły niech i form czasu teraźniejszego lub przyszłego czasowników, np. niech usiądę, niech usiądziemy, niech (Pan/i) usiądzie, niech (Państwo) usiądą. W opisach gramatycznych współczesnej polszczyzny charakteryzuje się je bądź jako formy fleksyjne trybu rozkazującego czasownika, bądź jako konstrukcje składniowe (i tym samym włącza się je do paradygmatu czasownika bądź je z niego wyklucza). Autorka poddaje analizie kryteria, którymi posługują się badacze opowiadający się za obiema interpretacjami, oraz konfrontuje je z różnymi typami użyć analizowanych ciągów oraz z użyciami form trybu rozkazującego tworzonymi w sposób syntetyczny. Przedstawione w tekście rozważania prowadzą do wniosku, że żadna z wymienionych dwóch interpretacji ciągów z niech nie jest wolna od wad, a w celu adekwatnego opisu analizowanych zjawisk językowych konieczne są dalsze wnikliwe badania.
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