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EN
The paper discusses some negative aspects of the work of Poland’s customs system after the country’s entry to the European Union on May 1, 2004. The author attempts to explain the reasons for these shortcomings and also examines their social and economic implications. Negative developments in the Polish customs service have included misguided organizational changes that have led to conflicts among customs officers, Mosiej says. Another problem is corruption among customs administration employees, a trend that has risen considerably since the country’s EU accession, according to Mosiej. Other unsettling trends include decreased customs protection of the domestic market, a major drop in government revenue from customs duties, and the closure of many customs agencies and the resulting loss of jobs, the author says. All these negative trends have resulted from both exogenous and endogenous factors. The former include the adopted EU customs regulations, while the latter involve the activities of Polish customs officers themselves. All the negative aspects of the work of Poland’s customs system should be eliminated as soon as possible, Mosiej concludes, because this harms the image of the country’s customs system in the EU and elsewhere.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy opodatkowania tytoniu i jego wyrobów w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Po sprowadzenie tytoniu do Polski, jego używanie rozpowszechniło się wyjątkowo szybko; początkowo stosowano go w postaci tabaki, a od XVIII w. przewagę zyskało palenie tytoniu w fajkach. Co ważne, tytoń i jego wyroby uchodziły wówczas za swoiste lekarstwo zapobiegające i leczące niemal wszystkie choroby. Cła na tytoń/tabakę nałożono po raz pierwszy w 1643 r. w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim; w Koronie monopol tabaczny został wprowadzony w 1659 r. Od tego czasu na tytoń/tabakę nakładano regularnie cło na Litwie; w Koronie natomiast cło na te wyroby nałożono raz jeszcze w 1677 r., po czym w latach 90-tych XVII w. monopol tabaczny w całej Rzeczypospolitej wygasł. Do sprawy wrócono dopiero w czasach stanisławowskich wprowadzając monopol tabaczny zarządzany początkowo przez prywatną spółkę zwaną Kompanią Tabaczną, a następnie – w latach 90-tych – przez państwową Manipulację Tabaczną. I tak jednak w całym badanym okresie wpływy z opodatkowania tytoniu/tabaki były relatywnie niewielkie.
EN
An article is devoted to an issue of taxation on tobacco and its derivate products in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the first importation of tobacco to Poland, its consumption was spreading fast. At the beginning, a snuff was the most common form of a tobacco usage, in eighteen century smoking pipes became more popular. It have to be stressed that tobacco and its derivate products, were considered as medicines, which could prevent and cure every disease. In 1643 the import duty on tobacco was imposed for the first time in Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the Crown of Poland the tobacco monopoly was established in 1659, but import duty was imposed only one time – in 1677. In the last decade of seventeenth century, the tobacco monopoly in the Commonwealth practically expired. It was renewed after 1764, during the reign of the king Stanislaw August Poniatowski. The tobacco monopoly was established again, and run by the private company, called The Snuff Campaign. In the last decade of eighteenth century, this task was took over by the public company – The Snuff Manipulation. Generally speaking, during the whole analysed period of time, incomes from taxation of tobacco and its derivate products (especially the snuff) were relatively small.
PL
W artykule porównano taryfy celne stosowane w wymianie handlowej między UE i USA. Porównaniem objęto częstotliwość stosowania poszczególnych stawek celnych na importowane produkty, średnie stawki na szerokie kategorie towarów oraz produkty obciążone najwyższymi cłami u obu partnerów. Analiza wykazała, że poziom protekcjonizmu celnego UE jest istotnie wyższy w porównaniu z USA. Ze względu na większe rozmiary eksportu UE do USA opłaty celne importerów amerykańskich są jednak wyższe niż importerów unijnych. Również w imporcie do USA wiele grup towarowych i poszczególnych produktów jest obciążone wysokimi cłami. Wniosek końcowy wskazuje na konieczność powszechnej redukcji ceł na świecie w ramach WTO, gdyż ostatnia istotna redukcja odbyła się ćwierć wieku temu w wyniku negocjacji prowadzonych w trakcie Rundy Urugwajskiej GATT.
EN
The article compares customs tariffs used in trade between the EU and the USA. The comparison covered the frequency of applying individual customs tariffs on imported products, average rates for broad categories of goods and products loaded with the highest tariffs for both partners. The analysis showed that the level of EU customs protectionism is significantly higher than in the USA. However, due to the greater volume of EU exports to the USA, customs duties of American importers are higher than those of EU importers. Also in the import to the USA, many product groups and individual products are burdened with high tariffs. The final conclusion points to the necessity of universal reduction of customs duties in the world within the WTO, as the last significant reduction took place a quarter of a century ago as a result of negotiations conducted during the URANTA Round of GATT.
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