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1

One China or Many Chinas? Between Integration and Disintegration-Some Sociological Reflections

100%

Pyffel R.

Polish Sociological Review

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2009

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vol. 167

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issue 3

461-476

EN

The author who for the first time found himself in China 10 years ago as a fresh graduate of sociology, describes the dynamic changes which, during that time took place in that country. This sociological account, is drawn on personal experiences and also on the famous sentences regarding the history of China “the empire, long divided, must unite, long united, must divide.” The basic question is, will China-whose economic and civilization disparities were clearly exposed in the last decade, and cultural differences between provinces, traditional and ever existing in that country, have overlapped-find a way of preventing its disintegration in several regions? The article shows that advantages of China’s globalization and opening to the world have been disposed irregularly, dividing the country into the rich East, the Interior supplying cheap manpower, and the West integrated with the rest of the country but largely inhabited by ethnic minorities. Also the East of the country, a beneficiary more of globalization than transformation, is divided into four zones of development concentrated around North-East China, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, each of the four with a different adaptive strategy in the face of globalization and quite often competing for investments, markets and young talents. Nevertheless the author believes that China’s disintegration would be “irrational,” as its integrity is supported by the logic of globalization, in which a merger of a few organisms helps solve global problems and brings profits-even if they are spread irregularly-to all Chinese provinces and, what is most important, it gives China an international status of superpower, which realizes the interests of its thirty-one provinces at the international arena more effectively than any of those provinces could do on its own, without the support of the others.

2

Farmers’ and rural households’ income, symptoms of material deprivation in Poland’s countryside

72%

Andrzej C., Łukasz K.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2017

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issue 2(44)

285-294

EN

The main goal of the article was to assess the level and changes of income in the urban and rural as well as farmers and other socio-economic groups households in the context of material deprivation phenomenon. The second aim was an identification of convergence process between variables describing the income situation of the surveyed groups of households. Additionally, income inequality problems in different types of household as well as multidimensionality of the deprivation concept were also mentioned. All data including average monthly disposable income and the Gini index were provided by Central Statistical Office of Poland. The convergence process was evaluated using an sigma-convergence index. The results showed that in real terms farmers and rural household income has increased, however one may not observed the sigma-convergence process between farmers and other socio-economic groups households, as well as rural and urban households. It was possible to observe a significant level of income inequality among farmers and rural households, which was furthermore increasing in the analyzed period.

PL

Celem opracowania była ocena poziomu i zmian dochodów gospodarstw domowych w układzie miasto-wieś oraz rolnicy-pozostałe grupy społeczno-ekonomiczne w kontekście zjawiska deprywacji materialnej oraz identyfikacja ewentualnego procesu konwergencji między zmiennymi opisującymi sytuację dochodową badanych grup podmiotów. Dodatkowo wskazano na problem nierówności dochodowych w poszczególnych typach gospodarstw oraz przedstawiono wielowymiarowość pojęcia deprywacji. Wykorzystano dane GUS w zakresie przeciętnych miesięcznych dochodów rozporządzalnych oraz wskaźnika nierówności Giniego. Proces konwergencji oceniano za pomocą wskaźnika sigma-konwergencji. Wyniki badań wskazują, że w ujęciu realnym wzrastały dochody rolniczych i wiejskich gospodarstw domowych jednak nie obserwuje się procesu sigma-konwergencji między dochodami gospodarstw domowych rolników i innych grup społeczno-ekonomicznych, jak też gospodarstw domowych na wsi i w miastach. Na obszarach wiejskich i wśród gospodarstw domowych rolników obserwuje się znaczny poziom nierówności dochodowych, które w badanym okresie wykazywał tendencję wzrostową.

3

Dochody rozporządzalne gospodarstw rolnych na tle dochodów innych grup społeczno-ekonomicznych w Polsce w latach 2003–2014

72%

Grzelak M. M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2016

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vol. 50

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issue 4

EN

In the article the specificity of incomes in agriculture was brought forward and the grounds of the state intervention in agricultural sector were indicated. From among the extensive and complicated instrumentarium of the policy of support points, the attention was paid to the essence and effects of direct payments which are considered the most common instrument of support in agriculture, serving to stabilize farmers’ incomes. On the basis of the data of the households budgets, according to GUS (Central Statistical Office), the analysis of the level and dynamics of disposable incomes of farmers’ households against the background of the incomes of other socio-economic groups was carried out. The research period covers the years from 2003 to 2014.

PL

W artykule przybliżono specyfikę dochodów w rolnictwie oraz wskazano przesłanki interwencji państwa w sektorze rolnym. Spośród obszernego i skomplikowanego instrumentarium polityki interwencyjnej zwrócono uwagę na istotę i efekty dopłat bezpośrednich, które są uznawane za najbardziej powszechny instrument wsparcia w rolnictwie, służący stabilizacji dochodów rolników. W oparciu o dane budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS przeprowadzono analizę poziomu i dynamiki dochodów rozporządzalnych gospodarstw domowych rolników na tle dochodów innych grup społeczno-ekonomicznych. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2003–2014.

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1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

1 Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

1 Polish Sociological Review

1 Andrzej C.

1 Grzelak M. M.

1 Pyffel R.

1 Łukasz K.

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One China or Many Chinas? Between Integration and Disintegration-Some Sociological Reflections

Farmers’ and rural households’ income, symptoms of material deprivation in Poland’s countryside

Dochody rozporządzalne gospodarstw rolnych na tle dochodów innych grup społeczno-ekonomicznych w Polsce w latach 2003–2014